01/04/2026

Innovation, Technology, and Nutrition: The Use of Functional Snacks in the Management of Canine Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, progressive, and degenerative joint disease frequently diagnosed in large-breed, obese, and geriatric dogs, as well as in those with genetic predisposition, such as Labrador retrievers and German shepherds. Joint pain, reduced range of motion, crepitus, and inflammation are the most common clinical signs, resulting in barriers to physical activity and reluctance to perform routine tasks, such as walking or climbing stairs. These limitations significantly compromise animal well-being and quality of life.

Conventional therapeutic options include surgical interventions on affected joints and pain management through the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), whose benefits in analgesia and functional improvement are well established. However, long-term use of these drugs may be associated with relevant adverse effects, including renal and hepatic toxicity, as well as gastrointestinal complications. In addition, therapeutic efficacy depends not only on the pharmacodynamics of the active compound but also on treatment adherence, which is directly influenced by palatability and ease of administration. In light of these limitations, interest in complementary and less invasive therapies has continued to grow, e.g., nutraceuticals and dietary supplements.

Nutraceuticals, bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential, are widely used in the management of canine OA. Among the most extensively studied agents are glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, undenatured type II collagen, omega-3 fatty acids, and cannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD). These compounds modulate inflammatory processes, stimulating cartilage regeneration and maintenance, reducing pain, and improving mobility.

Within this context, functional snacks have emerged as an effective vehicle for delivering these compounds, particularly due to their high acceptance by dogs and ease of use for pet owners, as they are commonly offered as training rewards or expressions of affection. Studies such as that by Costa et al. (2025), which evaluated owner-perceived acceptance of different pharmaceutical forms for continuous use in dogs, have demonstrated high acceptance of functional snacks (95%) and palatable pastes (90%), followed by powdered sachets (75%), oral suspensions (60%), and capsules (35%). Delivery formats directly associated with feeding showed superior adherence, while capsules had the lowest acceptability, especially in smaller dogs. The high palatability characteristic of snacks promotes better therapeutic compliance compared with traditional supplementation in capsules or powders, which are often rejected by animals or forgotten by owners. Another important advantage is dose standardization: each snack unit can contain precise quantities of bioactives, ensuring accurate intake and facilitating therapeutic monitoring.

Despite these advantages, the development and processing of functional snacks present challenges and require careful attention to technological and nutritional aspects, as the bioactive efficacy largely depends on ingredient selection and the processing conditions applied during manufacturing.

The food matrix of the snack can positively or negatively influence nutrient bioavailability. Formulations with adequate lipid levels enhance the absorption of lipophilic compounds (EPA and DHA). Likewise, additional functional ingredients—such as fermentable fibers, prebiotics, and antioxidants—may have complementary effects on joint function and inflammatory modulation.

Many of the compounds used in OA management are sensitive to heat, oxidation, and moisture, making production methods a critical factor in preserving their integrity, stability, and bioavailability.

Extrusion, the primary processing method used in the pet food industry, exposes ingredients to high temperatures and pressures, which may degrade compounds essential to therapeutic efficacy. On one hand, prolonged baking intensifies the Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation, reducing the functionality of sensitive actives. On the other hand, cold forming has emerged as an interesting alternative, although it presents limitations related to shelf life, microbiological safety, and operational costs. The key challenge, therefore, lies in adapting conventional technologies to minimize bioactive degradation without compromising texture, palatability, or product safety.

To mitigate functional losses, the industry employs technologies like microencapsulation, post-processing coating, and rigorous control of water activity and oxidation. Modern facilities incorporate low-temperature extruders, hybrid production lines, continuous NIR monitoring, and intelligent packaging solutions capable of extending the shelf life of nutraceuticals. Computational modeling also contributes to the optimization of industrial parameters, ensuring improved preservation of active compounds.

Industrial innovations have significantly contributed to the feasibility of therapeutic snacks, which manage osteoarthritis in pet food manufacturing. Integrating advanced technology, optimized industrial processes, and animal health ensures not only the stability of bioactive compounds but also their efficacy, representing a safe, practical, and highly compliant nutritional strategy for pet owners and veterinary professionals. The management of disease progression, the reduction of inflammation, and pain control are all significantly influenced by these technologies.

This movement aligns with the accelerated growth of the premium pet market, driven by owners seeking preventive health solutions and products with higher added value.

In this way, functional snacks turn their role as simple palatable treats into a strategic position as part of complementary therapeutic protocols. Meanwhile, manufacturers benefit from technologies that promote operational efficiency, loss reduction, and continuous innovation. As well, they position themselves as key players in the development of more sustainable, traceable, and personalized nutritional solutions. By Flávia Lavach
Source: All Pet Food Magazine
References
ALEXANDRU, C. B.; SORANA, D.; ADRIAN, M. The science of snacks: a review of dog treats. Frontiers in Animal Science, v. 5, 2024.
COSTA, M. B. F.; CHAMELETE, M. O.; MARTINEZ, M. S. de S. S.; ANDRADE, T. U. de. Palatability test of different pharmaceutical forms for administration of continuous-use medications in dogs: evaluation by owners. Observatório de la Economia Latinoamericana, [S. l.], v. 23, n. 9, p. e11390, 2025.
DE GODOY, M. R. C. et al. In vitro disappearance characteristics of selected categories of commercially available dog treats. Journal of Nutritional Science, v. 3, p, 47, 2014. 
GAMBLE, L. J. et al. Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Clinical Efficacy of Cannabidiol Treatment in Osteoarthritic Dogs. Frontiers Veterinary Science, v. 23, p. 5-16, 2023.
KHAN, S. A. e MCLEAN, M. K. 2012. Toxicology of frequently encountered nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics North America Small Animal Practice , v. 42(2), p. 289-306, 2012.
KIM, J. et al. Effect of microencapsulation on viability of probiotic in functional dog treats. Veterinary Research Communications, v. 43, n. 2, p. 91-101, 2019.
MATA, F. e DORMER, L. The efficacy of neutraceuticals to alleviate dog osteoarthritis symptoms, a meta analysis of case-control trials. Veterinary Archive Science, v. 93, p. 351-360, 2023.
OBA, P. et al. Nutrient and Maillard reaction product concentrations of commercially available pet foods and treats. Journal of Animal Science, v. 100, p. 11, 2022.

26/03/2026

Guide to Probiotics for Dogs: What They Do & How to Choose  

Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that naturally live in your dog's gastrointestinal tract, working to maintain balance by introducing 'good' bacteria. Many modern probiotic formulas for dogs also include prebiotics (which nourish beneficial bacteria) and postbiotics (helpful compounds that support gut health). Together, they work harmoniously to help maintain a healthy gut environment.
  In this article, we'll explore how probiotics support your dog's well-being, what to look for in a quality supplement, and how PetLabCo.'s Probiotic Chews stand out among the options available.   How Do Probiotics Support My Dog's Well-being?
Your dog's gut is home to a vast ecosystem of microorganisms known as the gut microbiome, which influences much more than just digestion. In fact, a balanced gut is closely connected to your dog's immune response, nutrient absorption, and even energy levels.
  When your dog's gut bacteria are balanced, they may help to:
  Support the breakdown of food and nutrient absorption Help support natural immune defenses May help maintain healthy stool consistency
  External factors like changes to your dog's daily routine or diet can disrupt this balance. Probiotics may help maintain harmony by introducing beneficial bacteria, supporting a healthy gut environment over time.   What Kinds of Probiotic Products Are Available for Dogs?
Probiotics for dogs come in a few convenient forms. What matters most is consistency of use rather than format. Common options include:
  Soft chews – A tasty, convenient form that's easy to give daily. Powders – Sprinkled over food for a mess-free supplement option. Capsules or tablets – Typically given with food for precise dosing.
  Soft chews, such as PetLabCo.'s Probiotic Chews, are often favored by pet parents because they combine palatability with function, making daily gut health support effortless.   Ingredients Typically In Dog Probiotics
A high-quality probiotic for dogs may gently support your pup's digestive health, immune system, and overall gut balance. Certain beneficial bacteria are often included in dog probiotics, because they naturally live in your pup's gut and may help maintain regularity and overall well-being. Some of the most commonly used strains include:
  Lactobacillus species (such as L. acidophilusand L. rhamnosus) – These friendly bacteria may help break down food, support nutrient absorption, and promote a balanced gut environment.
  Bifidobacterium species (such as B. animalis) – Known for supporting healthy stool consistency and helping to maintain a calm, comfortable digestive system.
  Enterococcus faecium – A hardy strain that may help balance intestinal microflora and support immune function, especially during times of stress.
  Bacillus coagulans – A spore-forming probiotic prized for its ability to survive harsh stomach conditions and reach the gut where it may support digestion and microbial balance.
Together, these strains are thoughtfully selected to help keep your dog's gut in good shape, supporting them from the inside out.
  In addition, many products include prebiotics (like inulin or fructooligosaccharides) that feed the good bacteria, and postbiotics that can help support gut barrier integrity.
  When selecting a probiotic, look for products that list specific bacterial strains and guaranteed CFU (colony-forming unit) counts — this helps ensure that the required amount is present to see the desired benefits.   Potential Benefits of Adding A Probiotic To Your Dog's Daily Routine
When used consistently, probiotics may help support multiple aspects of your dog's well-being. Some of the most common benefits reported by pet parents include:
  Digestive health – Probiotics can help maintain stool quality and digestive comfort. Immune function – Since much of the immune system resides in the gut, supporting gut health can help support natural defenses. Skin and Coat – A balanced gut microbiome can have positive downstream effects on other systems. Overall well-being – Dogs with balanced digestive function often appear more energetic and comfortable.
  While probiotics are not intended to treat or cure any condition, they're a great proactive support tool for maintaining balance and long-term health.   Probiotic Chews: PetLabCo.'s Premium-Quality Probiotic For Dogs
Looking for an easy way to help support your dog's digestive health? PetLab Co.'s Probiotic Chews were made with you, and your pup, in mind. These tasty pork-flavored soft chews are loved by dogs and designed to fit seamlessly into your daily routine.
  Each soft chew includes a carefully selected blend of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics that may help support gut balance, digestive comfort, and immune health over time.
  Key highlights include:
  3 strains of beneficial bacteria to help maintain healthy gut flora Prebiotics to nourish good bacteria, plus postbiotics to help support gut health Soft texture and delicious flavor make them feel like a treat (but they're not!) Developed with input from a nutritionist for gentle, consistent support
  The soft chews are suitable for dogs of all breeds and sizes, aged 12 weeks and older. With daily use, they help support digestive comfort, nutrient absorption, and immune health, all while being simple to add to mealtime.   Frequently Asked Questions: Probiotics For Dogs
Are probiotics suitable for my dog?
Probiotics specially formulated for dogs can be a gentle way to support digestive health and overall well-being. It's always best to follow the serving guidelines on the label and check with your veterinarian before starting any new supplement, especially if your dog has specific health concerns.
  Can I give human probiotics to my dog?
It's best to use probiotics formulated for dogs. The bacterial strains and dosages in human products aren't always suitable for canine digestion.
  When will I notice results?
Every dog is different, but pet parents often report seeing positive changes, such as healthy digestive function or stool consistency, within three months of consistent use.
  Can puppies take probiotics?
Yes, many probiotics are suitable for puppies over 12 weeks old, but always check the label and serving instructions.
Can probiotics be used year-round?
Yes — consistent use helps maintain gut balance. Even when your dog isn't showing signs of digestive discomfort, daily probiotics can provide proactive support for long-term health.   Conclusion: Are Probiotics Worth Adding to Your Dog's Routine?
Probiotics can be a simple, beneficial addition to your dog's routine, supporting digestive health, immune function, and overall well-being. By maintaining balance in the gut microbiome, they provide foundational support for comfort and vitality.
  For pet parents looking for a convenient, high-quality option, PetLabCo.'s Probiotic Chews make it easy to give your dog the consistent gut health support they need – all in a delicious, daily reward they'll look forward to. Source: Dogster

12/03/2026

Crowded Labels, Compromised Doses: A Look at Pet Supplement Design

As these products become more common in veterinary conversations, retail aisles, and pet households, a reasonable question is bound to arise: How can so many active ingredients realistically fit into one small supplement chew and still work? Thanks to real-world limits of formulation and dosing, the answer might make you think twice the next time you're supplement shopping. 
  A soft supplement chew may look simple, but it is actually a carefully engineered product with finite space. Before any active ingredients are added, the chew must already contain a base matrix: ingredients that provide structure, moisture control, palatability, shelf stability, and manufacturability. These typically include proteins or starches, fats, binders, humectants, natural flavors, and processing aids. These components are what makethe chew hold together, stay fresh on the shelf, and appeal to pets' tastes. However, these ingredients typically takes up 60% to 75% of the chew. Only after this base is built does a formulator have room to add active ingredients, and that remaining space (25% to 40%) is often much smaller than most labels imply. 
  This is where the distinction between the number of ingredients and how those ingredients are dosed becomes critical. Many supplement labels highlight all the many functional ingredients that are included, but they don't always communicate how much of each ingredient is present in a way that's meaningful to pet owners.  
  From a nutritional and physiological standpoint, dose matters far more than the length of an ingredient list. For an active ingredient to have a meaningful effect, it must be included at a biologically relevant level, physically fit into the chew, remain stable over the product's shelf life, and avoid interfering with the absorption or function of other ingredients. When a product attempts to include too many actives in a small chew, something almost always has to give, and that compromise shows up in dosing. 
  This is how supplements can end up looking impressive on the label while delivering active ingredients in amounts that may be too low to produce the desired benefit. The ingredients are technically present, but they could be included at symbolic levels instead of functional ones. This isn't always intentional or deceptive as one might think at first glance. It is often the result of trying to satisfy market demand for 'everything in one chew' or being competitive with other products in the market while working within the physical limits of the product form itself. 
  There is a natural assumption that more ingredients automatically means more support. In reality, the most effective supplements are usually built around transparency and restraint. They focus on a specific physiological goal, rely on a small number of well-studied active ingredients, and include those ingredients at levels supported by evidence rather than trends or buzzwords. Trying to support joints, digestion, skin, mood, immunity, and cognition all at once often leads to compromise rather than synergy. A supplement designed to do one job well will almost always outperform a crowded product that attempts to do everything at once.  
  Now, don't get me wrong—there are some formulations that can successfully include multiple active ingredients when they are designed thoughtfully. This typically involves choosing ingredients that are effective at relatively low inclusion rates and combining actives with complementary mechanisms, rather than overlapping. In some cases, it also means designing the chew size and feeding directions to support appropriate dosing, such as allowing multiple chews per day for larger dogs. This is why two supplements with similar-looking ingredient lists can perform very differently in real-world use. It's not the label that is different; it's the philosophy behind the formulation. 
  For veterinarians, retailers, and pet parents alike, this shifts the conversation in a meaningful way. Instead of focusing on all the amazing ingredients a supplement contains, more useful questions might include what the product's primary goal is, whether the key ingredients are included at meaningful doses, and whether the chew size and feeding directions support those doses. Supplements are most effective when they complement a complete-and-balanced diet and appropriate medical care, not when they attempt to replace them. 
  A small supplement chew can absolutely deliver meaningful health support, but only when the formulation respects biology, physics, and evidence. In the pet supplement space, restraint is often a sign of expertise. Fewer ingredients, thoughtfully chosen and properly dosed, always outperform a long list squeezed into too little space with ineffective dosing.  
  For brands, retailers, and pet parents who want to move beyond crowded labels and toward supplements that actually work, formulation philosophy matters. Working with BSM Partners and choosing BSM-formulated or BSM-veterinary-formulated supplements means navigating these real-world constraints with intention, prioritizing evidence-based dosing, functional synergy, and product forms that support meaningful inclusion levels. When every gram counts, expert formulation is what ensures that what you want in a supplement is also what pets can truly benefit from.  Source: BSM Partners

10/03/2026

Sensitive Nutrients Connection for Precision Nutrition

By Armando Enriquez de la Fuente Blanquet

The impact of digitalization on the micronutrient nutritional profile of pet food is a significant and often overlooked subject, even when technology is not considered. By precisely controlling extrusion parameters (temperature, moisture, precision and baking time), the quality of sensitive nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, is maintained, avoiding degradation from heat or excessive humidity. Controlling the process allows manufacturers to verify the density, moisture, size, and shape of kibbles, which impact digestibility, texture, nutrient absorption, and palatability. When we refer to specific diets (high digestibility, weight control, and digestive health), these factors are essential. Traceability and digital registration facilitate not only nutritional auditing and formula controls but also regulatory compliance and micronutrient management per batch, which is especially important in the presence of transparency, quality, animal health, or special diets. With historical data and analytical support, manufacturers can upgrade their recipes to achieve efficiency in nutrition and costs. For example, optimizing ingredient mixes, protein sources, additives, vitamins, and minerals to achieve better nutritional balance without compromising economy or scalability.
  Moreover, vitamins and trace minerals, such as zinc, iron, copper, manganese, selenium, and iodine, among others, are essential for energy metabolism, immune health, bone and muscle development, and skin and coat integrity as they regulate cellular oxidation, reproduction, and growth.
  Micronutrients, instead, face technological challenges in food manufacturing:
  Heat, moisture, and oxygen sensitivity: Heat, moisture, and oxygen sensitivity: Vitamins are highly thermolabile, and they break down during extrusion and drying. It is fundamental to use products with microencapsulation technologies to protect them against high temperatures and reduce oxidation and chemical interactions with minerals.
  Chemical interactions: If trace minerals (e.g., iron and copper) are not properly protected, they oxidize or inactivate vitamins. Chelated or organic minerals not only offer better bioavailability and stability of trace elements in the thermal process but also reduce negative interactions with nutrients.
  Dosage difficulties in small quantities: Premixes are applied to microdosing, so with a minimal deviation, the nutritional value of the batch is compromised. Nowadays, we refer to intelligent mixing in which control software manages optimal times, mixing speed, additional period, and final homogeneity to ensure the uniform distribution of vitamins and minerals.
  Distribution problems in mixing: To ensure the same nutrient proportion in kibbles, homogeneity must be high. Premix manufacturers produce precise, homogeneous mixes that minimize dosage mistakes, ensure uniformity between batches, and facilitate registration and nutritional auditing.
  These challenges are boosting a strong demand for advanced formulation technologies, intelligent automation, and digital monitoring systems. The precise incorporation of vitamins and trace elements no longer depends on understanding nutrition. Today, they require automated processes, intelligent sensors, digital control, and predictive maintenance. Pet food plants become an atmosphere where innovation in ingredients combines with technological transformation to guarantee safer, stable, nutritious, and reliable products.
  Conclusion
  Digitalization in pet food facilities is not a future trend; it is a reality that shows concrete achievements. Technologies for automation, sensors, digital control, AI, and data analysis are already transforming the way pet food is produced, enhancing efficiency, quality, consistency, traceability, sustainability, and flexibility. By MVZ Armando Enriquez de la Fuente Blanquet
Source: All Pet Food Magazine

16/02/2026

Nutrition for Senior Dogs and Cats: What Can We Prevent?

The longevity of dogs and cats has been steadily and undeniably increasing in recent years, linked to factors that include both the individual, through breed selection, and the evolution of Veterinary Medicine as a whole. In this context, preventive Veterinary Medicine has gained prominence, keeping pace with the growth in the number of companion animals, as well as the greater availability of veterinary goods and services for small animals, especially in Asia and Latin America.   Although senility itself is not considered a disease, but a natural stage of life, it involves physiological changes that should be identified, managed, and, when possible, prevented. Currently, cats are considered senior from 10 years of age, while for dogs this classification varies according to size and breed, so that large dogs reach senility earlier compared to small dogs. One of the possible justifications that correlate the larger size of dogs with a shorter life expectancy is the longer exposure of the animal to Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), which promotes growth but potentially also reduces longevity.
  Changes in digestive capacity and, consequently, in the proper use of nutrients provided by food, can occur over the years. Studies suggest that the moderate addition of fiber, especially soluble fiber, improves food utilization in both dogs and cats. In addition to fiber, another macronutrient studied in old age is fat, whose digestibility does not appear to decline significantly in dogs, but rather in older cats. This reinforces the importance of monitoring progressive weight loss in this species as they age, as a fundamental pillar of nutritional management.
  Another important point in the preventive management of companion animals concerns kidney health. A reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is observed, especially in smaller dog breeds, an alteration even seen in humans with advancing age. In cats, there is a strong relationship between the development of chronic kidney disease and age (over 12 years), mainly associated with interstitial inflammation, tubular atrophy, and fibrosis. A distinguishing feature is that proteinuria is rare in the early stages of glomerulopathies. 
  Understanding the classification of chronic kidney disease in senior dogs and cats according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) is crucial, since loss of lean mass is expected in older animals, whether due to pre-existing disease or not. Therefore, it is essential to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of protein restriction in this age group. 
  However, caution regarding high phosphorus intake in old age is a safe measure and is widely addressed by most quality commercial foods.
  The addition of nutraceuticals to the diet is also a relevant issue. Studies with EPA and DHA have evaluated their anti-inflammatory capacity and potential to help control chronic diseases, such as heart disease, skin diseases, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, and behavioral disorders, which are common conditions in senior dogs and cats. 
  It is important to emphasize that the effects are related not only to the correct amount of EPA and DHA present in the products, but also to the continuous supply of the nutraceutical to maintain the benefits. 
  Regarding nutraceuticals, it is known that the oxidative cellular damage that naturally occurs with age is related to the onset and worsening of various chronic conditions. Therefore, the addition of antioxidants in the management of elderly patients also offers advantages. 
  One of the most widely used natural antioxidants is alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), which acts by interrupting the oxidation cascade by preventing the spread of damage caused by free radicals in biological membranes. A study conducted in 2004 indicated that increased inclusion of vitamin E in the diet raises its serum concentration and reduces the amount of reactive byproducts generated by lipid oxidation (called alkenals), when compared to the group of dogs that did not receive supplementation. 
  Both omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and vitamin E can be incorporated directly into senior food formulations or administered orally separately. 
  In addition to the benefits already mentioned, they also show positive results in supporting age-related cognitive dysfunction.
  Finally, clinical manifestations of Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) are prevalent in the elderly animal population, reaching 28% of cases in dogs aged 12 years and increasing to 68% in dogs over 15 years, according to the perception of their owners. 
  This concern also extends to older cats; studies that evaluated cats over 11 years old report a possible diagnosis of CDS in 35% of cases. In felines over 15 years old, more than 50% showed clinical signs of the disease. 
  Paying attention to the early signs of CDS is essential, starting with more subtle changes, such as behavioral alterations and changes in the sleep-wake cycle, including the reversal of day-night activity, to manifestations of disorientation and impairment of basic functions, such as eating and defecation. Early intervention can ensure a better therapeutic response, delay disease progression, and even promote clinical improvement for the patient. 
  Among the most promising strategies is the provision of energy sources capable of generating ketone bodies, since the brain's efficiency in using glucose as an energy source decreases with age. 
  Conversely, the utilization of ketone bodies can be seven to nine times greater. The inclusion of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) in the diet constitutes a viable source for the generation of these ketone bodies, which cross the blood-brain barrier and the mitochondrial membrane, generating ATP through the Krebs cycle and phosphorylation. 
  MCT oils are concentrated forms of octanoic and decanoic acids, usually derived from coconut oil or palm kernel oil. The concentration of these acids in the crude oil from these sources is low, around a maximum of 12%, which makes effective supplementation with coconut or palm kernel oil alone in the diet unfeasible. 
  Therefore, the addition of MCTs to the diet should be done through the calculated administration of purified MCT oils or by using commercial diets that already contain this inclusion in the appropriate dose [20,24]. Correct MCT supplementation has demonstrated significant clinical improvement in patients diagnosed with CDS, especially in the early stages.
  Advances in veterinary medicine have ensured longer lifespans for our dogs and cats, making it essential to understand the most frequent conditions and their prevention and treatment strategies. Proper nutrition, especially in ideal quantities and with ideal sources of protein and fiber, along with the addition of specific nutraceuticals, can provide quality of life not only for the patient but also for the caregivers who accompany their animals as they age. 
  However, proper dosage calculation and the correct choice of sources are fundamental to ensuring the effectiveness and safety of these supplements. By Erika Pereira, Monique Paludetti and Thais Ximenes
Source: Cães e Gatos