08/01/2025

Customized Additives: New Science and Technology Transforming the Pet Food Industry

By Erika Stasieniuk

Customized Additives: Competitive Advantages for Manufacturers
Adopting customized additives can be a competitive advantage for pet food manufacturers. By developing them, companies can adapt their formulations to satisfy specific nutritional needs, e.g., supporting joint health, optimizing digestion, or reducing food allergies. That can be a significant difference in a collapsed market, allowing brands to offer distinguished consumer solutions.
In addition, customized additives ensure better flexibility in formulation, which allows fast settings in response to market trends or changes in consumer demands. This adaptability is particularly valuable for companies seeking to be at the forefront of pet food innovation.
These ingredients may have a positive impact on the operational efficiency of industries. As many additives have low inclusion levels (between 0.5% and 0.05% of the formula), there is a significant risk of weighing mistakes when managing different ingredients in small quantities; a way to reduce this risk is to combine many additives in one personalized premix to minimize errors and ensure accuracy in the formulation. It also enhances the end product consistency and increases the company's productivity by simplifying the weighing and mixing process. Moreover, centralizing additives in a personalized solution can reduce operational costs by optimizing the sales process and the ingredient storage, which is more agile and efficient. 
However, it is essential to recognize the practical disadvantages of customized additives. Their development requires an initial huge investment, especially in research & development, and efficacy tests. For smaller companies, this cost can be a barrier. In addition, the dependence on specialized suppliers can increase the risk of interruptions in the supply chain, which can affect manufacturing. A sophisticated focus is required to ensure the availability of the ingredients as necessary since running the customized additives inventory can raise logistic complexity.
Science Behind Customization 
Additive customization is not a marketing trend. It is based on scientific research that has actual benefits for animal health. Recent research shows that probiotic and prebiotic customized mixes can significantly enhance gut health and immunity in farm animals such as swine and poultry. These concepts have adapted to pet food nutrition, where customized additives adjust to the specific needs of different species and health conditions.
In aquaculture, for example, antioxidant customization has shown positive effects by increasing fish resistance to oxidative stress and extending the shelf life of food. For pet food companies, these scientific principles application allow the creation of products that offer tangible benefits by differentiating their product lines in the market. 
When formulating food for dogs with articular disorders, the customization of additives, such as chondroitin and glucosamine, has demonstrated their efficiency in enhancing animal mobility and life quality. Results highlight how science can be an ally in creating innovative and competitive products.
Choosing supplies of customized additives is crucial in efficiency and quality of pet food formulations. Experimented suppliers not only provide necessary ingredients but also carry out detailed evaluations of different additives interactions. That is fundamental to ensure that compounds work in synergy, avoiding possible antagonisms that may compromise the expected benefits. Besides, their experience determines the optimum dose for each additive, ensuring that the end product meets the pet nutritional and health requirements without exceeding the security limits. Partners that understand these matrices increase product effectiveness and add value to the brand, standing it out as a company committed to science and innovation. 
Innovation and Differentiation Through Customization
Adopting customized additives means a great opportunity for pet food companies to lead the market with innovative products that meet consumer-specific demands. By integrating science and technology into the development of customized formulations, companies improve animal health and well-being and position them as leaders in innovation. 
The future of pet food nutrition is linked to customization; companies investing in this trend will be better positioned to have a larger market share. Additive customization is not a temporary trend but a science-based strategy that has concrete results for pet food manufacturers.   By: Erika Stasieniuk y Ludmila Barbi Trindade   Source: All Pet Food Magazine  

06/01/2025

How Gut Microbiome and Mitochondria Shape Health and Disease

By Juan Gómez Basauri, Ph.D.

The relationship between the microbiome and mitochondria is a fascinating and complex area of study, reflecting complex interconnections that have a profound impact on various aspects of human and companion animal health, influencing metabolic processes and disorders, immune function, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging.    This article will briefly explore the roles of the gut microbiome and mitochondria, their interactions, and their combined effects on human and companion animal health.    The microbiome    The microbiome itself is the complete set of microorganisms (microbiota), their genes, and the metabolites they produce in the microenvironment (habitat) in which they reside in and on an organism's body (e.g., the intestinal tract, mouth, skin).    The gut microbiome per se encompasses a diverse community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. These microbes play essential roles in various bodily functions, including digestion and nutrient absorption, immune system regulation, and the production of vital metabolites.    Digestion and nutrient absorption    Certain gut bacteria produce enzymes that digest complex carbohydrates, such as dietary fiber. This microbial fermentation process produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), like butyrate, propionate, and acetate, which provide energy to colon cells, have anti-inflammatory effects, and help the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism.    Immune system regulation    The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in the development and modulation of the immune system. It helps in the education of immune cells and the maintenance of immune tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases.    Metabolite production    Gut bacteria produce a number of metabolites which have specific roles, e.g., serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which can influence mood and cognitive functions via the gut-brain axis.    Mitochondria    The mitochondria (Fig. 1), often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell, are double-membrane organelles responsible for producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (energy production), involving the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. The energy thus produced is essential for various cellular functions: apoptosis, calcium signaling, the regulation of metabolic pathways, and overall cellular health.      Apoptosis    Mitochondria play a pivotal role in apoptosis, a programmed cell death mechanism crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing cancer.    Calcium signaling    Mitochondria help regulate intracellular calcium levels, which are vital for muscle contraction, neurotransmission, and other cellular processes.    Metabolic pathways    Mitochondria are central to the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, converting these macronutrients into usable energy.   Redox balance    Mitochondria produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) as by-products of oxidative phosphorylation. While ROS play roles in cell signaling, excessive ROS can cause oxidative stress, damaging cellular components.    Antioxidant defense    Mitochondria possess antioxidant systems, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione, to neutralize ROS and maintain redox balance.    Interconnections between the gut microbiome and mitochondria    Recent research is beginning to reveal intricate connections between the gut microbiome and mitochondria, highlighting their collective impact on health (Fig. 2).      Microbial metabolites and mitochondrial function    SCFAs produced by gut bacteria can be used by mitochondria for ATP production. Butyrate, in particular, serves as an energy source for colonocytes and enhances mitochondrial function.    SCFAs can activate signaling pathways that promote mitochondrial biogenesis, enhancing mitochondrial function and energy production.    Inflammation and oxidative stress    Dysbiosis, or imbalance in the gut microbiome, can lead to chronic inflammation, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction. Inflammatory cytokines can disrupt mitochondrial function, increasing ROS production and oxidative stress.    Elevated oxidative stress due to mitochondrial dysfunction can affect the gut barrier integrity, leading to increased intestinal permeability or 'leaky gut' and systemic inflammation, further exacerbating mitochondrial damage.    Gut-brain-mitochondria axis    Gut bacteria produce neurotransmitters and other signaling molecules that influence brain function. Mitochondria in neurons are crucial for neurotransmitter release and neuronal activity.    Dysbiosis and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The gut-brain-mitochondria axis highlights the interdependence of these systems in maintaining neurological health.    Gut-liver mitochondria axis    Metabolites produced by gut microbiota consisting of short chain fatty acids and bile acids contribute to the regulation of hepatic homeostasis by interacting with mitochondria. The function and dynamics of the liver mitochondria, i.e., metabolism, biogenesis, and redox homeostasis, can be modulated by the gut microbiota.     Gut-kidney mitochondria axis    Mitochondria injury is the common damaged subcellular organelle in renal, intestinal and cardiovascular dysfunction. Mitochondrial structural and functional abnormalities, including impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, and oxidative stress contribute to the development and progression of cardio renal syndrome.    Combined impact on health and disease    The interplay between the gut microbiome and mitochondria has profound implications for health and disease. This relationship can influence metabolic disorders, immune function, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging.    Metabolic disorders    Dysbiosis can lead to altered energy metabolism, promoting obesity and insulin resistance. Mitochondrial dysfunction further exacerbates these conditions by impairing ATP production and increasing oxidative stress.    Probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary interventions targeting the gut microbiome can improve mitochondrial function and metabolic health. For example, increasing dietary fiber intake enhances SCFA production, supporting mitochondrial health.    Immune function    Dysbiosis and mitochondrial dysfunction can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. Restoring gut microbiome balance and mitochondrial function can modulate immune responses and reduce disease severity.    A healthy gut microbiome enhances the immune system's ability to fight infections, indirectly supporting mitochondrial function by reducing the burden of chronic inflammation.    Neurodegenerative diseases    Dysbiosis and mitochondrial dysfunction are linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Modulating the gut microbiome and improving mitochondrial function offer potential therapeutic strategies.    Maintaining a healthy gut microbiome and an optimal mitochondrial function is crucial for cognitive health, particularly in aging populations.    Aging  Mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation (inflammaging) are hallmarks of aging. The gut microbiome influences these processes by modulating inflammatory responses and mitochondrial health.    Strategies to enhance gut microbiome diversity and mitochondrial function, such as dietary interventions and probiotics, have the potential to promote healthy aging and extend lifespan.    Final thoughts    The gut microbiome and mitochondria are intricately linked, playing crucial roles in maintaining health and preventing disease. Their interactions influence metabolic processes, immune function, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging.    Understanding these relationships opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions, targeting both the gut microbiome and mitochondrial function. By harnessing the power of nutrition, functional bioactives, and lifestyle modifications, we can optimize these systems to improve overall health and longevity for both humans and companion animals.    By: Juan Gómez Basauri   Source: All Pet Food Magazine

02/01/2025

Riding the Wave: How Alternative Marine Proteins Are Revolutionizing Pet Food

Interest in these sustainable ingredients is steadily increasing, driven by the pressures of the global economy and greater consumer awareness of health and nutrition.1 A prime example is insect-based protein, such as black soldier fly larvae. As more innovative and sustainable proteins enter the market, the emphasis on sustainability and the role it plays in pet food grows.   Environmental and Nutritional Benefits of Marine Proteins
Alternative proteins are gaining attention as promising sustainable food sources for several compelling reasons, particularly their environmental and nutritional benefits. Traditional livestock farming is a major contributor to land degradation, water consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions.2 In contrast, alternative proteins, especially marine-based ones, typically have a lower environmental footprint.3 Marine proteins can be produced with sustainable aquaculture practices and make use of by-products from the fishing industry, turning what might otherwise be waste into valuable, high-quality nutrition.   Emerging Marine Proteins
Shrimp hydrolysate and squid meal are two emerging marine proteins that have garnered recent scientific attention for their improved digestibility and nutrient composition, being high crude protein and total amino acid content in dog food.4 Research also shows no significant difference in palatability between a diet including these ingredients versus a commercial diet, which includes animal meals, vegetables, oils, and fats. In experiment 1, the diet includes 50, 100, or 150 gkg-1 of squid meal and shrimp hydrolysate and for experiment 2, in place of the basal diet. This suggests incorporating these novel marine proteins into pet food products can maintain a satisfied pup while offering nutritional and environmental advantages.   Another notable marine protein is the lionfish. Also known as devil firefish, lionfish are invasive fish that have recently taken over the spotlight due to the ecological harm they inflict on coral reef systems, particularly in the Atlantic and Caribbean regions. Their invasive presence disrupts marine biodiversity by preying on native species, negatively impacting dive and recreational fishing tourism. However, efforts are underway to control their population by harvesting lionfish for human and animal consumption. Utilizing lionfish as a protein source not only aids in mitigating the environmental damage they cause but also offers a sustainable, nutrient-dense protein for pet food. It is a nutritious fish choice, considering the high concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids and lower concentrations of omega-6 fatty acids. It also promotes heart health by raising high-density lipoproteins (HDL 'good' cholesterol) and lowering low-density lipoproteins (LDL 'bad' cholesterol).5 However, sourcing this fish poses challenges due to the labor-intensive process required, as divers must manually harvest them with short pole spears.     Future of Marine Proteins in Pet Nutrition
Marine proteins are rich in the essential fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), contributing to skin and coat health and cognitive function in pets6. Specific examples of these fish include salmon, sardines, and tuna. The fattier the fish, the higher in EPA and DHA. A whitefish has less fat, which contains lower fatty acids. Moreover, as novel protein sources, particularly shrimp hydrolysate, they may aid in identifying adverse food reactions and help prevent allergic responses from food hypersensitivity, which can appeal to consumers.4    In addition to fish-based proteins, algae have emerged as a highly sustainable alternative protein source. Certain strains, such as Galdieria sulphuraria, are complete proteins containing all ten essential amino acids, similar to traditional animal proteins.7 This makes algae a valuable ingredient for creating balanced pet diets. Additionally, algal oil can replace fish oil without depleting fish populations as it is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids. This makes algae-based ingredients an attractive option for pet foods, especially those formulated for vegan or vegetarian diets, as they can deliver essential fatty acids without introducing fish or animal-derived ingredients.   Marine Proteins as a Sustainable Solution
In summary, marine proteins offer a range of bioactive compounds that support overall pet health. Incorporating alternative marine proteins into pet food represents a meaningful advancement towards more sustainable diets for companion animals. As the awareness of sustainability grows within human food, packaging, and clothing, the pet food industry is exploring innovative solutions like shrimp hydrolysate, squid meal, lionfish, and algae to reduce its ecological footprint. As research continues to support the safety, utility, and sustainability of these ingredients, marine proteins are set to play a pivotal role in the future of pet nutrition, so be sure to do your part and protect the planet for future generations!   By: Paige Lanier   Source: BSM Partners   References Am JB, Doshi V, Malik A, Noble S. 2023 Feb 20. Customers care about sustainability and back it up with their wallets. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/consumers-care-about-sustainability-and-back-it-up-with-their-wallets The Breakthrough Institute. 2023 March 20. Livestock Don't Contribute 14.5% of Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Food and Agriculture. https://thebreakthrough.org/issues/food-agriculture-environment/livestock-dont-contribute-14-5-of-global-greenhouse-gas-emissions Nunez E. 2021 Sept 16. Wild seafood has a lower carbon footprint than red meat, cheese, and chicken, according to latest data. Oceana. https://oceana.org/blog/wild-seafood-has-lower-carbon-footprint-red-meat-cheese-and-chicken-according-latest-data/ Guilherme-Fernandes J, Aires T, Fonseca AJM, Yergaliyev T, Camarinha-Silva A, Lima SAC, Maia MRG, Cabrita ARJ. 2024. Squid meal and shrimp hydrolysate as novel protein sources for dog food. Front. Vet. Sci.11. doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1360939. Lowe A. 2017 Mar 27. 6 reasons lionfish should be your first choice of fish. Lionfish Hunting Lodge. https://lionfish.co/why-eat-lionfish/#. Rodrigues T, Lourenco AL, Gregorio H, Queiroga FL. 2021. Therapeutic effect of EPA/DHA supplementation in neoplastic and non-neoplastic companion animal diseases: A systematic review. In Vivo. 35(3). doi:10.22873/invivo.12394 Canelli G, Fabian A, Garcia AV, Canziani S, Mathys A. 2023. Amino acid profile and protein bioaccessibility of two Galdieria sulphuraria strains cultivated autotrophically and mixotrophically in pilot-scale photobioreactors. Innovat. Food Sci. & Emerg. Technol. 84. doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2023.103287

20/12/2024

Protein digestibility kinetics: A key criterion for discriminating between protein sources in pet food (Part 2)

Hydrolyzed yeasts: A source of highly digestible and quickly absorbed proteins   Yeast is an incredible bioengineering factory and a source of valuable nutrients and functional molecules.
At Lallemand, thanks to our extensive yeast expertise, we have spent years working on the screening of different yeast biomasses and on the optimization of their production processes, both of which led to the development of YELA PROSECURE.   YELA PROSECURE is a specifically designed hydrolyzed yeast that offers highly digestible and functional nutrients supporting animal performance, digestive health and feed appetibility while contributing to the feed-protein balance.   YELA PROSECURE: Kinetics of protein digestibility   YELA PROSECURE's kinetics of protein absorption have been analyzed with an adaptation of the Boisen standard method (Figure 4). The pH during the gastric phase, initially at 2.0, was adjusted at 4.5 to be more in line with the real situation observed in young animals where the digestive tract is not yet mature and gastric enzymes are not at their maximal efficacy, leading to a higher pH.   YELA PROSECURE's protein digestibility starts at 77% at the beginning of the intestinal phase (right after the stomach) to 94% after 48 hours. Moreover, YELA PROSECURE is close to its maximum in vitro digestibility after 3 hours of intestinal digestion meaning 90.5% of the protein content of YELA PROSECURE has flash and fast digestibility kinetics and only 9.5% is slow and resistant. The proteins from YELA PROSECURE are, therefore, highly bioavailable for the animals.     Hydrolized yeasts: What are we talking about?   Hydrolyzed yeasts are obtained through yeast cell digestion by both endogenous and exogenous enzymes that are added during the production process to obtain the desired level of lysis. Proteins and nucleic acids are fragmented into small size peptides through a controlled process, which also ensure a high level of functional ingredients and consistency in terms of composition.   EFFECT OF YEAST PROCESSING ON THE KINETICS OF PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY   The protein digestibility kinetics of YELA PROSECURE was compared to a whole-cell inactivated yeast (Figure 5) with a focus on the three first hours of the intestinal phase since the process of digestion is almost complete by then for Young animals.   In whole-cell inactivated yeasts, no lysis process is applied, and most nutrients (including the proteins) are retained in the cytoplasm of the yeast cell making them less accessible. As shown in Figure 5, their protein digestibility is low right after the stomach (46%) and increases slowly, up to 60% after 3 hours.   In comparison, YELA PROSECURE — a hydrolyzed yeast — has 77% protein digestibility after the stomach and more than 90% after 3 hours within the intestinal phase. Due to the oriented and controlled hydrolysis process, proteins and nucleic acids are fragmented into small size peptides offering highly digestible nutrients. We can conclude the yeast lysis process strongly benefits protein digestibility and therefore nutrient bioavailability in the gut.         YELA PROSECURE PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY COMPARED TO FIVE OTHER FEED MATERIALS   YELA PROSECURE, a yeast-based product, fish meal, soybean meal, potato protein concentrate and few other feed materials were assessed for protein digestibility and kinetics of absorption based on the Boisen method with an adjustment to the gastric pH as previously explained (Figure 6 and Figure 7).   Protein sources are absorbed differently by animals right after the stomach phase: YELA PROSECURE's well controlled hydrolysis process makes the protein highly available and quickly absorbed. With a protein digestibility of 77% right after the stomach, we can define YELA PROSECURE as having flash digestibility.   Fish meal has a digestibility pattern of between 56 to 61%. Soybean meal and whole-cell inactivated yeast have a lower protein digestibility at the beginning of the intestinal phase, with 49% and 46% respectively, while the potato protein concentrate is around 40% digestibility.   Did you know? Flash digestibility is important for young animals, especially as their gut is not yet mature and still not able to easily absorb and utilize protein fractions from the diet. Supplying young animals with a flash digestible protein source that is rich in free amino acids and small peptides will help them easily absorb and use those nutrients.     Figure 7 shows that the digestibility kinetics of protein is specific to different feed materials:   Soybean meal protein digestibility increases up to 70% after 3 hours of the intestinal phase.   The kinetics of protein digestibility for fish meal is between YELA PROSECURE and soybean meal, starting with 56% digestibility after the stomach, increasing to 81% after 3 hours in the intestine.   The potato protein concentrate appears to have a slower protein digestibility kinetic over time (52% after 3 hours of the intestinal phase). Being rich in crude protein (77%), the potato protein concentrate will contribute to a high amount of non-digested protein in the animal gut.   Compared to these feed materials, YELA PROSECURE shows interesting kinetics of protein digestibility with more than 90% of the protein digested after 3 hours of the intestinal phase.   As a result, there is a negligeable amount of non-digested protein which reaches the lower gut. YELA PROSECURE is therefore, a valuable protein source which can help reduce the risk of gut dysbiosis associated with non-digested protein. In addition, flash and fast protein digestibility is important in terms of protein functionality with direct and indirect benefits for the animals.     Palatability in Pet food   Some free amino acids are also involved in the mechanism of taste and eating behavior including feed intake, therefore playing a role in palatability.   The comparison of average daily feed intake of dogs with YPS diet to dogs with Control diet (Figure 8) shows that the consumption of the YPS diet was significantly higher than the Control diet.   MATERIAL & METHODS   Duration: 4 days   Animals: 2 groups (Control and YPS) of 20 adult medium size dogs   Diet: premium dry petfood   Control - coated with 1% premium digest   YPS - coated with 1% YELA PROSECURE     YELA PROSECURE has shown the potential to enhance petfood palatability, likely related to the high natural content in specific free amino acids.   Conclusion   To meet growing pet food market demand — and to face the current challenges around global health and digestive care of pets — petfood manufactures and nutritionists are looking for alternative functional protein sources. Hydrolyzed yeasts are a promising and innovative functional protein source to consider, mainly due to the free amino acids and the small peptides obtained from the cracking (lysis) process of the protein. When the hydrolysis process is controlled, yeast has a standardized profile of free amino acids, which plays a positive role in the maintenance of pet gut health, contributing to the petfood protein balance and enhancing palatability. This is particularly of interest when applied to the diets of junior animals or in specialty petfood such as hypoallergenic diets.   By: Francesca Susca -Global Pet Product Manager- and Lisa Saibi -Product manager Yeast derivatives & antioxidants-.   Source: Lallemand Animal Nutrition   References Boisen S., 1991. A model for feed evaluation based on in vitro digestible dry matter and protein. In:M.F. Fuller (Editor), In Vitro Digestion in Pigs and Poultry. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International, Slough, pp. 135-145. Boisen S. and Eggum B.O., 1991. Critical evaluation of in vitro methods for estimating digestibility in simple-stomach animals. Nutr. Res. Rev., 4: 14 1 - 162. Boisen S., Fernández J.A., 1995. Prediction of the apparent ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids in feedstuffs and feed mixtures for pigs by in vitro analyses. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Volume 51, 29-43. Cone J.W. and van der Poel A.F.B., 1993. Prediction of apparent ileal digestibility in pigs with a two-step in-vitro method. J. Sci. Food Agric., 62: 393-400. Duan Y, Tan B, Li J, Liao P, Huang B, Li F, Xiao H, Liu Y, Yin Y. Optimal branched-chain amino acid ratio improves cell proliferation and protein metabolism of porcine enterocytesin in vivo and in vitro. Nutrition. 2018 Oct;54:173-181. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2018.03.057. Epub 2018 Apr 24. PMID: 30048883. Furuya S., Sakamoto K. and Takahashi S., 1979. A new in vitro method for the estimation of digestibility using the intestinal fluid Gao J, Yin J, Xu K, Li T, Yin Y. What Is the Impact of Diet on Nutritional Diarrhea Associated with Gut Microbiota in Weaning Piglets: A System Review. Biomed Res Int. 2019 Dec 26;2019:6916189. doi: 10.1155/2019/6916189. PMID: 31976326; PMCID: PMC6949732. Graham H., Liiwgren W. and Aman P., 1989. An in vitro method for studying digestion in the pig. 2. Comparison with in vivo ileal and faecal digestibilities. Br. J. Nutr., 61: 689-698. Jayaraman B., 2019. Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible threonine to lysine ratio and tryptophan to lysine ratio in weaned pigs fed antibiotic-free diets and subjected to immune challenge. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Manitoba http://hdl.handle.net/1993/34498. McGilvray W.D., Wooten H., Rakhshandeh A.R., Petry A., Rakhshandeh A., 2019. Immune system stimulation increases dietary threonine requirements for protein deposition in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 97, Issue 2, 735–744, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky468. Metz S.H.M. and van der Meer J.M., 1985. Nylon bag and in vitro technique to predict in vivo digestibility of organic matter in feedstuffs for pigs. In: A. Just, H. Jorgensen and J.A. Fernandez (Editors), Digestive Physiology in the Pig. National Institute of Animal Science, Denmark, Report no. 580, pp. 373-376. OECD/FAO, 2021. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021-2030, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/19428846-en. Pisante M., Stagnari F., A. Grant C., 2012. Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification. Italian Journal of Agronomy 2012; volume 7:e40 Taverner M.R. and Farrell D.J., 1981. Availability to pigs of amino acids in cereal grains. 3. A comparison of ileal availability values with faecal, chemical and enzymatic estimates. Br. J. Nutr., 46:173-180. Trevisi P., Melchior D., Mazzoni M., Casini L., De Filippi S., Minieri L., Lalatta-Costerbosa G., Bosi P., 2009. A tryptophan-enriched diet improves feed intake and growth performance of susceptible weanling pigs orally challenged with Escherichia coli K88. J Anim Sci.;87(1):148-56. doi: 10.2527/jas.2007-0732. Epub 2008 Sep 12. PMID: 18791156. Trevisi P., Corrent E., Messori S., Formica S., Priori D., Bosi P., 2012. Supplementary tryptophan downregulates the expression of genes induced by the gut microbiota in healthy weaned pigs susceptible to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4. Livestock Science 147, 96-103. Trevisi P., Corrent E., Mazzoni M., Messori S., Priori D., Gherpelli Y., Simongiovanni A., Bosi PI, 2015. Effect of added dietary threonine on growth performance, health, immunity and gastrointestinal function of weaning pigs with differing genetic susceptibility to Escherichia coli infection and challenged with E. coli K88ac. Journal of Animal Physiology and ANimal Nutrition. Vol. 99 Issue . 511-520. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12216. Wu G., and Knabe D.A., 1995. Arginine synthesis in enterocytes of neonatal pigs. American Journal of Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.3.R621. Wünsche J., Herrman II., Meinl M., Hennig U., Kreienbring F. and Zwierz P., 1987. Einfluss exogener Faktoren auf die prazlkale Nlhrstoff- und aminosiurenre-sorption, ermittelt an Schweinen mit Ileo-Rectal-anastomosen. Tierernaehrung, 37: 745-764.

16/12/2024

Protein digestibility kinetics: A key criterion for discriminating between protein sources in pet food (Part 1)

Introduction    The search for innovative protein sources is on the rise as a result of increasing global food consumption and consumer concerns about sustainability, animal welfare, and strain on agricultural land. In line with the humanization trend, pet owners are likely to select a pet food based on their own dietary preferences. Moreover, the increased awareness of the importance of proper nutrition has led pet owners to become more and more careful when looking at pet food labels. Clean label is amongst the top trends in the pet food market and seems to be driven by the perceived link between health and naturalness. Consequently innovative protein sources are of great interest in the Pet Industry as a way to meet the growing market demand for pet nutrition.    Proteins: The importance of digestibility and absorption kinetics    Proteins are biological macromolecules made up of amino acids. Protein bioavailability is strongly related to its amino acid composition, size, and mass range. Big proteins, proteinassociated molecules and nucleic acids have lower digestibility compared to free amino acids and small peptides, which have been exposed to a multiple nitrogen hydrolysis process that makes them more bioavailable (Figure 1).      The digestion process is complex. It is driven by enzymatic activities and is pH dependent. In monogastric animals, this process starts in the stomach where protein denaturation occurs due to pepsin activation. In the duodenum, pancreatic and intestinal wall enzymes continue the digestion process, breaking down the proteins. The absorption of amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides occurs in the jejunum. The large intestine is the site of microbial fermentation, where short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced.    Supplying animals with a protein source that is already processed and rich in free amino acids and small peptides helps ensure better absorption in the gut.    Protein digestibility of feed materials is an important factor for nutritionists, but it does not reflect the timing of absorption in the gut. The kinetics of protein absorption should be considered in addition to protein digestibility. It allows nutritionists to properly assess the quality of the protein source. Many properties and functionalities of proteins are related to their absorption kinetics. The kinetics of protein absorption helps categorize the protein fraction according to the speed of absorption. Four categories can be defined as flash, fast, slow and resistant along the digestive tract (Figure 2).     Did you know? Indigestible proteins are used as a substrate for undesirable bacteria in the gut, inducing proteolytic fermentation. 
Ultimately, it may lead to diarrhoea due to microbiota dysbiosis (Jung Gao et al., 2019). Therefore, the higher the protein digestibility, the greater the protein source for animals from a digestive standpoint.    Kinetics of protein absorption: How is it measured?     Several in vitro methods simulating the digestive processes have been developed to estimate the protein digestibility and the kinetics of absorption.    For example, the Boisen standard method (Boisen and Fernandez, 1995) is very accurate in measuring in vitro protein digestibility, which is calculated from the difference between nitrogen in the raw material sample and undigested residue measured at different time points of the intestinal pase (Figure 3).     Did you know? In most cases, validation of the methods is based on the relationship between in vitro results and values of apparent digestibility at the fecal or ileal level (Furuya et al., 1979; Metz and van der Meer, 1985; Graham et al., 1989; Cone and van der Poel, 1993). However, endogenous losses of proteins at the ileal level might have a great influence on in vivo digestibility while in vitro digestibility reflects the real digestibility of proteins and amino acids (Boisen and Eggum, 1991). Since in vitro digestibility does not take into account endogenous losses, the apparent ileal digestibility can only be predicted accurately from in vitro measurements, after correcting for the endogenous losses. 
These losses may be influenced by a variety of factors, especially the fiber content in the diet (Taverner and Farrel, 1981; Wünsche et al., 1987). Alternatively, a considerable part of this variation may be explained by the amount of undigested dry matter at ileal level (Boisen, 1991).    By: Francesca Susca -Global Pet Product Manager- and Lisa Saibi -Product Manager Yeast derivatives & antioxidants   Source: Lallemand Animal Nutrition 

03/12/2024

Spray-dried plasma included in the formulation allows for higher meat inclusion in diets

  Several initial tests were completed to prove the concept. The dry blend feed rate was established, and adjustments in fresh meat and SDP feed rates to the dry blend feed rate were evaluated initially with a twin-screw extruder. Limits were determined by the extruder inability to continue the production of kibble. Feed rate ranges from 2.5 to 20% SDP and 25-50% fresh meat were evaluated. With initial concept testing, SDP feed rates from 2.5 to 20% allowed for increased fresh meat feed rates to 45-50% depending on the feed rate of SDP and formulation type.     Follow-up evaluation tests were completed formulating SDP into the dry blend with the least cost formulation. These formulas were evaluated on both single and twin-screw extruders. Targets of 2.5 and 5.0% SDP in the final kibble were formulated into the dry blend in both grain-free and grain formulas. Ranges of meat feed rates from 25 to 45% were again evaluated. Overall, the addition of plasma in the dry blend formula allows formulators to increase meat levels while improving kibble durability and palatability, all while increasing meat inclusion levels.   REVIEWING KEY RESULTS   INCLUSION RATES & DURABILITY / SINGLE SCREW EXTRUSION WITH GRAIN-FREE FORMULA   35% MEAT CONTROL VS. 2.5% AP 920/35% MEAT     CONCLUSIONS   • Plasma included in the formulation allows higher meat inclusion in diets. • Cook and Durability are maintained or improved. • Palatability was improved in both cat and dog kibbles.     By: Dr. Joy Campbell, Senior Director of Global Pet Food Technical Service, APC   Source: All Pet Food Magazine  

22/10/2024

All in on alternative proteins

The pet food industry is continually challenged with anticipating future trends and addressing evolving expectations from pet owners, such as a heightened focus on the environmental impacts of the products they purchase—from where and how ingredients are grown to how the foods are produced and packaged. At the same time, pet food brands are navigating ever-evolving regulations to reduce their own environmental impact, while also addressing increasing consumer demands for sustainability.   Environmentally conscious consumers as well as people choosing plant-forward lifestyles are fueling rising interest in alternative proteins—including plant-, insect- and cell-based sources. For instance, 42 percent of global pet owners say they want to purchase pet food with sustainably sourced ingredients, and one in five pet owners like to see plant-based or vegan claims on pet products, according to The Humanization of Pets 2023, a report released by market research firm FMCG Gurus. Brands that seize and invest in this new growth frontier will gain a competitive edge to meet pet owner demands.   Adopting alternative proteins   Plant- and yeast-based proteins can be used in pet food and treats to supplement or replace animal proteins. Even insect protein, like dried black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), is being used in some pet foods today. However, like the human nutrition market, reassurance is needed about the taste and nutrition of pet products made with novel ingredients to influence consumer buying behaviors and garner acceptance. ADM, a global leader in innovative solutions from nature, is investing in research to support the inclusion of alternative proteins in pet food.   For example, ADM partnered with researchers at the University of Illinois to determine the biological availability of essential amino acids from various plant- and yeast-based ingredients for use in dog and cat foods. The research, which appeared in articles published in the Journal of Animal Science and Journal of Translational Animal Science in 2020, found that dogs and cats were able to digest and absorb plant-based protein sources, such as soy, just as well as those of traditional animal protein.   Notably, ADM conducted a canine feeding study to better understand the nutritional value of flexitarian and vegan dog foods compared to conventional dog food containing animal-based proteins. In the study, dogs were assigned to one of four test foods: a conventional dog food as the control, two flexitarian foods formulated with either pea protein or soy protein and a vegetarian food. Results, published in a 2024 ADM Technical Bulletin, demonstrated that flexitarian and vegetarian dog foods, formulated with low or no inclusion of animal-sourced ingredients, can effectively meet the nutritional needs of adult dogs. These diets were shown to be palatable, digestible and supported a healthy gut microbiome in dogs.   "Sustainability efforts, such as emissions reductions, are a key factor both upstream and downstream of the pet specialty sector because environmental impacts are felt all along the supply chain."   Insect proteins are taking off   Among the insect-derived ingredients currently used in pet products is the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Agtech company Innovafeed is a leading producer of black soldier fly larvae ingredients. Hilucia Protein and Oil contain unique components, including lauric acid, bioactive peptides and chitin. Lauric acid is a medium-chain triglyceride, a fatty acid prevalent in coconut oil, and is being studied for its potential benefits. The black soldier fly expresses over 50 unique bioactive peptides, which are small proteins with unique properties. Chitin acts as a dietary fiber to support digestive health. These components are in addition to the highly digestible essential amino acids that help dogs and cats meet their requirements.   ADM and Innovafeed collaborated on a research study carried out at the University of Illinois that investigated the protein quality of BSFL in dogs. The goal of the study was to determine the suitability of BSFL as a nutritious substitution for other commonly used protein ingredients in pet food. One trial measured the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS), a score based on amino acid digestibility that is used to assess protein quality. DIAAS values for Hilucia Protein were compared to scores for chicken meal, a high-quality common ingredient in pet food, and powdered egg, considered the gold standard for protein quality. Results demonstrated that Hilucia Protein is a suitable substitute for chicken meal in pet foods.   A second feeding trial examined dog diets that were specifically formulated for this research, including a controlled diet made with chicken meal, a diet that included 15 percent Hilucia Protein, and another test diet that included 30 percent Hilucia Protein. These levels represented using insect protein as a partial substitution for chicken meal and one that replaced chicken meal entirely. Findings indicated that the Hilucia Protein at both 15 percent and 30 percent inclusion was well accepted by the dogs. Additionally, all the diets had average fecal scores between 2 and 3, which is considered ideal. Researchers also noted that macronutrient digestibility values were very similar between the three diets, again suggesting that Hilucia Protein performs similarly to chicken meal in dog diets.   Furthermore, a 2024 ADM Outside Voice survey of U.S.-based dog and cat owners found consumers can be educated to enhance their likelihood of serving pet food made with insect protein. Initially, only 12 percent reported being "completely likely," while 43 percent expressed being "not likely at all" to feed their pets insect-based food. When asked the question again after receiving educational statements covering nutrition, safety, ethics and environmental benefits, 42 percent became more willing to consider purchasing insect-based pet food. This increase in consumer acceptance suggests that there is potential for growth in the market for insect-based pet food. This research is summarized in a new white paper, Pet Parent Perceptions of Insect Protein in Pet Food, and available in ADM's new Pet Nutrition Customer Academy on adm.com.   A real-life example of this education recently became reality with Innovafeed's "Powered by Hilucia" label being used by brand partners, Jiminy's and Arch Pet Food, that incorporate BSFL ingredients in their products.   Sustainability in the supply chain   Sustainability efforts, such as emissions reductions, are a key factor both upstream and downstream of the pet specialty sector because environmental impacts are felt all along the supply chain. Responsible sourcing of ingredients for pet products may include regenerative agriculture practices with soybean crops from field to market. As another example, manufacturing facilities can draw on renewable energy or focus on packaging made with recyclable materials.   Besides its alternative source of proteins and oils for pet diets, Innovafeed employs an "industrial symbiosis" production model. Indoor insect farms will be strategically located alongside grain processing facilities—such as ADM's corn processing plant in Decatur, Ill.—to upcycle grain byproducts as feedstock for Hermetia illucens, eliminating the need for energy to dry the feedstock and trucks required for transport.   Additionally, the Pet Sustainability Coalition (PSC), a nonprofit organization that strives to advance business through profitable environmental and social practices, is dedicated to creating a more sustainable pet industry by providing assessment tools, strategic support, accreditation and events. Members of the coalition include consumer brands, ingredient suppliers like Innovafeed and ADM, pet trade media, retail stores, packaging companies and more.   Tomorrow's innovations today   When presented a choice, more consumers are opting for sustainable and healthy options for themselves and their pets. Plus, a majority of pet owners say they are trying to make a difference to the environment through their buying habits. With more pets in the home than ever, there is a growing urgency to provide pet products that also support a circular economy.   For instance, ADM Ventures, the corporate venture capital division of ADM, has invested in startups like Bond Pet Foods to continue expanding available protein sources and responsible production practices in the pet nutrition sector. Bond Pet Foods will employ precision fermentation technology to make nature-identical chicken and other meat proteins for innovative pet food applications. Remarkably, this precision fermentation process requires no animal proteins.   With innovations such as these, the pet product market will continue to advance toward sustainability in the race to address the needs of environmentally minded consumers.   Source: Pet Product News

08/10/2024

Vegetable biocholine: An alternative to use choline chloride in pet food

By Erika Stasieniuk

Choline, also known as vitamin B4, is found in all ingredients used in the formulation of dog and cat foods, with greater availability in animal products, mainly in poultry by-product flour.   The classification of choline as a B-complex vitamin is controversial, as it does not behave as a coenzyme in metabolism and is required in higher amounts than other B-complex vitamins (Bertechini, 2013). Reis et al. (2012) highlight that, unlike other B-group vitamins, choline can be synthesized in animal livers because of serine amino acid in the presence of folic acid and vitamin B6. Due to its organic function, choline does not strictly fit the definition of a vitamin and could be considered an essential amino acid (Bertechini, 2013).   Nutritional recommendations of choline in dogs range from 1,640 to 1,890 g/1,000 g of dry matter. In cats, vary from 2,400 to 3,200 g/1,000 g of dry matter, depending on the animal life stage and energy maintenance needs according to FEDIAF (2021).   These recommendations are partially fulfilled with ingredients used in animal formulation. However, depending on the amount of animal ingredients, it can be necessary to supplement it with choline chloride. This compound salt is produced by chemical synthesis and is widely used in the pet food industry.   According to Leeson and Summers (2001), Combs Jr. (2008), and Ruts (2008), the powder form of choline chloride is extremely hygroscopic and can hasten the deterioration of other vitamins upon contact. On the other hand, the liquid form is highly corrosive and requires specialized equipment for handling and storage (Mcdowell, 2000). These characteristics make the handling of choline chloride in the feed mill or premix challenging, which can compromise the premixing with other microingredients and result in the loss of vitamins (Mallo and Paolella, 2017).   Naturally, choline is found in foods as phosphatidylcholine. This substance is made of esterified fatty acids and the choline itself. In agreement with Leeson & Summers (2001), Combs Jr. (2008), and Rutz (2008), less than 10% of choline in food is in free form or as sphingomyelin, which are analogs of phosphatidylcholine containing sphingosine instead of fatty acids.   In plants, it is found in phosphatidylcholine, free choline, and sphingomyelin forms. Nowadays, there are natural products that come from plants with a high content of choline in esterified form providing a high bioavailability, which can be an important alternative to the use of synthetic choline chloride.   One of these alternatives to the choline, called vegetable biocholine, is derived from vegetable extracts of the following plants: Trachyspermum ammi, Citrullus colocynthis, Achyranthes aspera, Azadirachta indica, Acacia nilotica, Silybum marianum, Andrographis paniculata, and Ocimum sanctum. It is worth mentioning that the composition of commercial vegetable biocholines available on the market may vary among suppliers.   The lower hygroscopicity of vegetable biocholine is positive as it reduces water-soluble vitamins in premixes compared to choline chloride. This is due to the reduced free water content in the mixture, resulting in a lower potential reactive. Moreover, excess water can cause operating problems in dog and cat feed mills.   Although there is limited research on pets, vegetable biocholine has been successfully used in broiled chicken and laying hens, demonstrating positive results in feed conversion, manufacturing, and egg weight (Chen, 2007; Calderano, 2015).   Three diets were evaluated in 40 Beagle dogs in a study conducted by Mallo and Paolella (2017): the first includes an herbal source of choline, the second with choline chloride, and the third as a negative control diet. Results demonstrated no significant differences in dog's preference for diets in quality and quantity of feces, or blood protein profile. However, compared to negative control diets, a reduction of triglyceride levels and HDL was observed in choline-supplemented diets.   Mendoza-Martinez et al. (2022) conducted a study with the following treatments: non-supplemented diets (377 mg choline/kg), choline chloride (3,850 mg/kg equal to 2,000 mg choline/kg diet), and vegetable biocholine (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) for 60 days. Both sources of choline indicated similar responses, but vegetable biocholine demonstrated additional properties, such as prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, cancer prevention, and inflammatory and immune response. Moreover, it affects the behavior and cognitive processes of dogs.   Nascimiento et al. (2022) concluded that vegetable biocholine could replace choline chloride in canine nutrition, as it does not damage lipid metabolism and other functions of the organism. On the contrary, there was an improvement in other functions, especially due to the significant reduction of liver enzymes, total cholesterol, and triglyceride.   By Erika Stasieniuk and Ludmila Barbi   Source: All Pet Food Magazine

00/00/0000

Technological Benefits of Spray-dried Animal Plasma in Fish-Based Chunks for Canned Pet Food

This study evaluated the use of spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) as a binder in fish by-product recipes for chunks in gravy. The results demonstrate that SDAP inclusion in recipes significantly improved the consistency (hardness), elasticity (springiness), cohesiveness, chewiness, and juiciness of final wet products.  

These improvements were observed in a chunk recipe with a 35% content of mixed salmon and tuna by-products (Experiment 1), and another recipe with chunks having a final content of a 4% salmon by-product (Experiment 2). There was a positive linear effect of increased SDAP inclusion in the recipes for most of the technological parameters measured, such as elasticity, flexibility, juiciness, and hardness.  

Our findings indicate that SDAP is an excellent nutritional binder that can enhance the final technological properties of wet pet food products using high-quality fish recipes and, potentially, in recipes containing protein-rich fish by-products with low functionality.   Conclusion
Plasma shows a positive, linear effect on elasticity, flexibility, juiciness, and hardness in fish by-product recipes.
 
EXPERIMENT 1. PLASMA EFFECT ON FISH CHUNKS
    2% of SDAP had a greater impact of increasing hardness and juiciness compared to 2% WG.

EXPERIMENT 2. PLASMA EFFECT ON FISH CHUNKS
  Increasing levels of SDAP linearly increased hardness and juiciness of the chunks containing salmon by-products.     By Dr. Joy Campbell -Senior Director of Global Pet Food Technical Services - APC
Source: All Pet Food Magazine