28/05/2025

Pet Food Quality: A More Holistic Approach to Food Safety

Managing Inherent Safety & Quality Risks
Microbial hazards not only threaten pet safety but also create public health risks due to the potential for direct human contact with pet food. To protect their business and brand from risks related to pathogen contamination, pet food manufacturers should implement microbial management strategies throughout the value chain, including:
  Implementing Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) programs Providing ongoing training to employees on quality, food safety and hygiene practices Developing regular testing plans on finished products Maintaining a clean and hygienic production and packaging environment Sourcing quality raw materials from reputable suppliers and conducting supplier audits Utilizing treatment intervention strategies to ensure safety and quality compliance
  Implementation of these steps is necessary to ensure the safety and quality of pet food and to mitigate recall risks. However, understanding microbial challenges in raw materials, their impact to quality and how to effectively manage them is also vital to maintain freshness, shelf-life and palatability of pet food.   Protecting Your Quality and Investment
Ensuring the safety and quality of pet food is a challenging and complicated process for pet food manufacturers and renderers alike. Variability in raw materials, complex supply chains, and various product formats and processes can lead to oxidative deterioration and microbial contamination in both ingredients and the pet food itself.
  Antioxidants are commonly used to manage quality, improve shelf-life, and minimize impact to palatability due to oxidation. However, antioxidants do not help with microbial issues. Managing microbial risks through the value chain (Figure 1) can be just as important as controlling oxidation and, in some situations, can help support the effectiveness of the antioxidant.
  Microbial impacts to pet food begin as early as the initial raw material collection, such as when animal processing co-products are converted into valuable protein meals and fats that will become components of a pet food diet. At this early stage, high moisture levels, presence of endogenous bacteria and enzymes and elevated temperatures can lead to rapid microbial growth, hydrolysis of fats and breakdown of proteins.
  Hydrolysis of triglycerides results in elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) levels in rendered fats and protein meals, which can impact pet food in two ways – reduced palatability and increased rate of oxidation. It is well known that elevated FFAs can have an undesirable impact on palatability of pet food. Additionally, FFAs are generally more prone to oxidation than trigylcerides1, and thus can reduce shelf-life of rendered fats, protein meals and ultimately finished pet food. 
  The breakdown of proteins can happen in both rendered raw materials and fresh or frozen meats. Protease enzymes hydrolyze proteins into peptides and amino acids, and amino acids can be further broken down into biogenic amines (BA). In low concentrations, BAs can play an important role in many physiological functions within the body. However, at high concentrations  BAs have been shown to negatively impact palatability in both cat and dog food2,3 and may pose risks to animal health.4,5,6
  Figure 1: Pet Food Value Chain
An important first step in your food safety plan is to address the microbial quality concerns as early as possible in the process to minimize the downstream impacts on freshness, safety and quality. Using freshness control treatments like ALLINSUR™ and RENTERRA™ can help limit FFAs and control biogenic amine formation in raw materials thereby helping to ensure pet food is safe, high quality, fresh, and nutritious. Learn more about Food Safety Solutions from Kemin.  


About the author
Jim has been at Kemin for over 30 years fulfilling a variety of roles in quality control, research and development, and technical services. 

References
1 Theodore P. Labuza & L. R. Dugan Jr. (1971) Kinetics of lipid oxidation in foods, C R C Critical Reviews in Food Technology, 2:3, 355-405, DOI: 10.1080/10408397109527127
2 Kemin Source Document TPAS-22-2326
3 Kemin Source Document US21F276
4 Esposito F, Montuori P, Schettino M, Velotto S, Stasi T, Romano R, Cirillo T. Level of Biogenic Amines in Red and White Wines, Dietary Exposure, and Histamine-Mediated Symptoms upon Wine Ingestion. Molecules. 2019 Oct 8;24(19):3629. doi: 10.3390/molecules24193629. PMID: 31597389; PMCID: PMC6804232.
5 Ruiz-Capillas C. and Herrero A.M. (2019). Impact of biogenic amines on food quality and safety. Foods. 8: 1-16.
6 Ten Brink B., Damink C., Joosten H.M.L.J., Huis in't Veld J.H.J. (1990). Occurrence and formation of biologically active amines in foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 11: 73-84.

  By Jim Mann, Global Platform Manager: Antioxidants & Food Safety | Kemin Nutrisurance
Source: Kemin Nutrisurance

13/05/2025

Kerry Brings Sustainable Nutrition, Flavor and Well-Being to the Pet Market in Latin America

São Paulo, May 2025 – Kerry, a global leader in sustainable nutrition, is taking another important step into the Latin American market and is now offering its customers solutions for the pet market, based on its already established and recognized expertise in flavor and human nutrition, combining quality and sensory experience. The Irish multinational will be present with its technologies for the pet industry at Fenagra 2025 – International Agroindustry Fair - Feed & Food (Technology and Processing), between May 13 and 15, in the Anhembi District, in São Paulo.
  Kerry's extensive portfolio, combined with the trends of humanization and premiumization in the pet industry, positions Kerry as a partner in innovation. According to research conducted in 2020, 68.6% of pet owners stated that they try to positively impact the environment. At the same time, among those born between the 1980s and early 1990s, 75% are willing to change their consumption habits in order to reduce environmental impact. These factors support Kerry's sustainability strategy.
  'These are products that guarantee a diet that meets daily needs, providing improved digestive health, oral care, coat and increased immunity. We are talking about more health, well-being, flavor and sustainability', explains Bruno Pecorino, Kerry's Head of Sales for Latin America.
  Pet food producers can access products such as those aimed at proactive health through Kerry innovations to proactive nutrition, boosters to improve the effect of palatability, smoke for feed, flavours, emulsifiers, among others. In the wake of the innovations offered by Kerry, many are specifically aimed at animal health, and the following stand out:
  Digestive Health: Plenibiotic (Postbiotic), Everwell Fibre™ (Prebiotic) and two spore forming bacteria (Probiotic), BC30™ and BioBac 40. Oral Care: Enzyme Blend  Immunity: BC30™ Probiotic , Wellmune for Pets (Saccharomyces cerevisiae betaglucan) Cognitive Health: Sensoril ® Ashwagandha Skin & Coat: Eupoly (DHA; EPA fish oil)   'We are currently expanding our distribution network in Brazil and Latin America, focusing mainly on countries such as Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Colombia and Ecuador. Kerry is working to shorten distances and overcome the challenges imposed by regulatory complexity and the differences in rules in each of these countries,' says Pecorino.
  Sustainability, one of the pillars that guide Kerry's actions, goes hand in hand with the habits of pet owners. To learn more about the solutions offered by Kerry in Taste and Nutrition, click  https://www.kerry.com/markets/animal-applications.  
  About Kerry   Kerry is a global leader in sustainable nutrition for the food, beverage and pharmaceutical markets, through retail and foodservice channels. We have been transforming and growing in Latin America for 30 years, and we continue to evolve our journey of success. We innovate with our customers to create great-tasting products with enhanced nutrition and functionality, while ensuring a better impact on the planet. Our leading consumer insights, global RD&A team of over 1,100 food scientists and extensive global footprint enable us to solve our customers' complex challenges with differentiated solutions. At Kerry, we are driven to be our customers' most valued partner in creating a world of sustainable nutrition and will reach more than two billion consumers with sustainable nutrition solutions by 2030. To obtain more For information, visit kerry.com.    References The Future of Pet Care: Global Trends and Opportunities. Euromonitor International. 2021
Euromonitor Lifestyles Survey; 2020; n=26,321
Conference Board Consumer Confidence Survey; 2017   Media contact
Veritas Comunicação
Rodrigo Francischangelis
[email protected]
(19) 99684-4410


Source: Kerry

13/05/2025

Probiotics for Dogs: Foods and Supplements

What Are Probiotics for Dogs?
Probiotics are helpful bacteria that live in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of humans and animals. Probiotics for dogs are supplements that contain some of these 'good' bacteria.
  Billions of probiotic bacteria are naturally found in your dog's gut. This network of bacteria is called the microbiome. These bacteria work together to help digest food, strengthen the immune system, and make vitamins and other nutrients. 
  Changes in the microbiome sometimes disrupt the balance between healthy and harmful microbes in your dog's gut. This can cause or contribute to health problems, such as: Diarrhea Gas Cramping Bloating Bad breath Allergies Obesity
  Some of the things that can cause changes in the microbiome include: Antibiotics Long-term use of steroids Infections Aging Parasites Sudden changes in diet Spoiled food Emotional stress
  If your dog often has digestive problems, talk to your veterinarian about whether a probiotic might help. 
  What's the difference between prebiotics and probiotics for dogs? While probiotics are healthy gut bacteria, prebiotics are nondigestible dietary fibers that help feed those bacteria. Some dog foods contain prebiotics, and you can buy prebiotic supplements. They're also found naturally in fruits and vegetables. 
  If your dog isn't used to prebiotics, they can cause digestive problems at first. Ask your vet about whether prebiotics could benefit your dog. 
  Types of Probiotics in Dogs
You can give probiotics to your dog in many different forms:
  Yogurt or kefir: Yogurt and kefir with active cultures contain probiotics. But they may not be the best probiotics for your pet. These products might not contain the particular strains of bacteria that can benefit dogs. Further, the lactose (milk sugar) found in dairy products can cause digestive issues. And some types of yogurt and kefir contain artificial sweeteners, which can be dangerous for dogs. There's little, if any, scientific evidence that human probiotic foods, such as yogurt, can benefit pets.
  Dog foods with probiotics: Some dog foods are fortified with probiotics. But bacteria are sensitive to temperature, air, and moisture. It's not clear whether the probiotics in dog food stay alive long enough to be effective. 

Probiotic treats: Some probiotics for dogs are made in the form of soft, chewy treats. They're an easy way to give your dog probiotics, but they're not all of equal quality. Some treats don't contain live probiotics and might have lots of preservatives or other additives. 
  Pills: Probiotic supplements are available in capsules that you can give your dog directly, put in their food, or hide in a treat like peanut butter.
  Powders and liquids: You just add these probiotic supplements to your dog's food.
  Pastes. These come with a syringe that you use to put the supplement directly into their mouth. You may also mix the paste with their food.   What Are the Best Probiotics for Dogs?
The best probiotics for dogs contain strains that commonly live in dogs' intestines, such as: Bifidobacterium animalis (strain AHC7), which can help with diarrhea, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bacillus coagulans, Bifidobacterium longum (BL999), which may help with anxiety, Enterococcus faecium (strain SF68), Lactobacillus acidophilus, which can help with the quality and frequency of poop, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (strain LGG), which helps humans with diarrhea and might do the same for dogs.
  Not all probiotic foods and supplements will have the exact strains your dog needs. Check the label of any product you buy for a list of specific probiotics, a use-by date, and an analysis of how many live bacteria it will contain by the end of its shelf life. Your vet can help you find a good-quality product that will work for your dog.
  To keep the good bacteria alive, avoid exposing these products to moisture, air, or extreme temperatures. Some are sold in sealed individual serving packets to protect them.
  Benefits of Probiotics for Dogs
 Probiotics increase the good bacteria that aid your dog's digestion. This can help with gastrointestinal issues, such as: Diarrhea Gas Inflammatory bowel disease
  There's also some evidence they may help with: Obesity Bad breath Anxiety Allergies Immune system disorders Skin problems Urinary tract infections
  While there have been many studies on using probiotics in humans, there's not much research on how probiotics affect dogs. Dogs have many types of bacteria in their gut, but much of the research has only looked at single types of bacteria rather than several types and how they work together. This means we don't fully know how probiotics in dogs work.

Do probiotics firm up dogs' poop? Several studies have shown that probiotics can benefit dogs with diarrhea, including those that have loose stools due to antibiotic treatments or endurance exercise. Some research has found probiotics to be as effective as antibiotics for shelter dogs with diarrhea. Talk to your vet if your dog tends to get stress diarrhea when going to vet appointments, boarding, or traveling. They may suggest giving your dog probiotics ahead of time.
  Will a probiotic help my dog with itching? There's some evidence that probiotics for dogs could help with skin disorders and allergies that could cause itching. But we need more research to say for sure.   Before Giving Your Dog Probiotics
Before giving your dog a probiotic, here are some things to think about:
  Your dog's health is an indicator
If your dog is healthy, they may not need a probiotic. A vet will usually prescribe a probiotic if there's a problem with your dog's gut or digestion. This is usually caused by illness or stress.
  Diet plays a big role
Research shows that dogs who eat a diet high in carbohydrates may not have healthy microbiomes. Changing your dog's food and adding more protein could help. Your vet can help you find the right food for your dog.
  Probiotics are sensitive to temperature, air, and moisture
Probiotics are living things. Exposure to air, temperature, and moisture extremes for long periods can kill the microbes  and make a probiotic product useless. They may need to be kept in the fridge.
  Check the use-by date
This tells you how long the bacteria are guaranteed to be alive and useful. Probiotics used after the expiration date probably won't work as well.
  Be careful with human foods
If you decide to give your dog kefir or yogurt with live cultures, read the labels carefully. They may contain artificial sweeteners or preservatives that aren't safe for dogs. Only feed your dog plain yogurt or kefir without sweeteners.
  Dogs can also be allergic to dairy or lactose intolerant, which can cause diarrhea and an upset stomach. If your dog has trouble digesting dairy, coconut kefir might work better for them. This is a nondairy fermented milk that contains probiotics. Small amounts of coconut are safe for dogs, but make sure to use coconut milk kefir and not coconut water kefir. Coconut water is high in potassium and isn't safe for dogs.

Find a method that works for you
Treats with added probiotics might be the easiest way to give your dog probiotics. They also come in pill form, but some dogs won't take pills even if they're hidden in treats. Try adding probiotic powder to your dog's food if this is an issue.
  There's limited research
There's some research on probiotics for dogs, but much of the evidence is anecdotal from pet owners or veterinarians. We need more studies to better understand how probiotics help dogs. Your vet can help you find the best option.
  Probiotics for Dogs FAQs   Can I give my dog human probiotics? Yogurt and kefir with live cultures are probiotics that you can give to your dog. But before you do, read the label carefully. These foods may contain artificial sweeteners that are dangerous for dogs. Only feed your dog plain, unsweetened yogurt or kefir.
  Some dogs also have trouble digesting dairy, which can cause diarrhea and upset stomach. You could try coconut kefir,  a nondairy product that contains probiotic. But make sure you use coconut milk kefir, not coconut water kefir. Coconut water isn't safe for dogs due to its high level of potassium.
          2. Is Yakult good for dogs? Yakult is a type of fermented dairy drink from Japan that contains probiotics. It's made for humans, but some people also give it to their dogs. As with any human food product, read the label carefully before feeding it to your pet to make sure it doesn't contain the sweetener Xylitol (also called wood sugar, birch sugar, or birch bark extract). This sweetener is dangerous for dogs. If your dog has issues digesting dairy, Yakult may cause an upset stomach and/or diarrhea. Too much of any sweetener — even those such as sugar, stevia, and aspartame, which are generally safe for dogs — can do the same. It's best to check with your vet before giving Yakult to your dog.
           3. Is pumpkin a probiotic for dogs? Pumpkin is not a probiotic, but it may help dogs with diarrhea. It's high in fiber, which absorbs water and helps bulk up your dog's poop. Pumpkin also contains prebiotics, a type of fiber that feeds probiotic bacteria.
          4. Is it OK to give my dog probiotics every day? Daily use of probiotics is safe for most dogs. But if your dog has a weakened immune system, give them probiotics only under the supervision of a vet.
         5. How long does it take for probiotics to start working on a dog? How long it takes to see an effect from probiotics depends on your dog and what you're treating them for. It might take a few days to a few weeks. Probiotics might not be effective for some dogs or certain health problems. If you're giving your dog probiotics to avoid stress diarrhea bought on by travel or boarding, you might start giving them probiotics a few days ahead of time.


By Amy Flowers
Source: FETCH by WebMD

09/05/2025

Homemade Isnt a Hall Pass: The Case for Smarter Pet Nutrition

The study found that healthy adult dogs fed a homemade diet modeled after the typical 'Western' human diet experienced significant gut imbalances, inflammation, and metabolic disruptions, all without gaining a single pound. 
  Researchers examined the effects of a Western-style diet high in saturated fats and refined carbohydrates and low in fiber on ten clinically healthy, lean adult beagles. The researchers designed the diet to mimic common dietary patterns found in humans living in developed countries. Over three months, the dogs were first fed a high-fiber diet, then switched to a Western-style diet, and finally returned to their original, high-fiber diet. The results were striking. Despite maintaining ideal body weight and condition scores, the dogs exhibited signs of gut inflammation, unhealthy changes in gut bacteria, increased cell stress, and issues with how their bodies processed and digested their food. 
  Healthy Looking Doesn't Always Mean Healthy Eating 
These outcomes highlight two essential truths: health is not just about what's visible on the outside, and homemade does not inherently mean healthy. Internal dysfunction can exist even in pets that appear perfectly healthy.  
  This isn't the first study to demonstrate how misleading appearances can be. In earlier research, homemade diets were evaluated for their nutritional adequacy and found to be lacking in one or more essential nutrients in nearly every instance. Common deficiencies included calcium, zinc, iron, and B vitamins, all of which are necessary for long-term health, but are often overlooked when owners prepare meals based on personal preference or online recipes. 
  The assumption that 'fresh' equals 'better' often leads well-meaning owners to prepare meals for their pets at home. The popularity of home-cooked and raw diets has soared in recent years, driven by concerns over commercial pet food recalls and a desire for greater control over ingredients. However, nutritionists caution that homemade diets, when not professionally formulated, are frequently nutritionally imbalanced. Even recipes published in books or recommended by breeders commonly lack adequate levels of critical nutrients like calcium and vitamin D. 
  How Diet Alone Can Disrupt a Dog's Gut and Health 
What makes this recent study particularly eye-opening is that it didn't just look at what was in the dogs' food; it also measured how their bodies responded to it.  
  Dogs fed a Western-style diet showed clear signs of inflammation throughout their bodies. Their blood contained higher levels of markers associated with inflammation and cell stress, and their gut tissues showed signs of irritation and damage at the cellular level. These changes occurred even though the dogs were lean and appeared perfectly healthy on the outside. However, when they were transitioned back to the original high-fiber diet, many of those negative effects began to reverse. This indicated that the diet, not weight gain or illness, was responsible for the inflammation and gut issues. 
  The gut is often referred to as the body's 'second brain,' and in this study, it played a significant role. When the dogs were fed the Western-style diet, the balance of bacteria in their digestive systems changed in unhealthy ways. There was an increase in bacteria associated with inflammation and digestive issues, along with a decrease in beneficial bacteria that help maintain the gut lining and produce essential nutrients. These changes in gut bacteria closely resemble what scientists observe in humans who consume a high-fat, low-fiber diet. It's another indication that diet quality can rapidly affect gut health, even in dogs, and that what we feed them is just as important as it is for us. 
  One of the major differences between the two diets in the study was their fiber content, and it turns out that this made a major impact. Fiber is a key ingredient when it comes to gut health. It nourishes the beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract, which produce helpful compounds that reduce inflammation and promote a healthy gut lining. However, many homemade diets, particularly those that mimic high-protein, low-carb human trends, often lack sufficient fiber. One study found that even recipes created by veterinarians frequently did not include the appropriate types of fiber. The recent Western diet study further supported this, revealing that dogs on the low-fiber Western diet had more unhealthy bacteria in their digestive tracts and experienced negative changes in how their bodies processed and digested the food they were consuming. 
  Another important finding from the study was how the diet impacted the dogs' bile acids (natural chemicals that help break down fat). Normally, bile acids are carefully regulated by the gut and its microbes. However, in dogs consuming the Western-style diet, levels of a particular type known as cholic acid significantly increased. Excessive amounts of this acid can irritate the gut lining. This imbalance, known as bile acid dysmetabolism, has been linked to gut inflammation in dogs and humans. Observing this condition in otherwise healthy dogs solely due to diet underscores how quickly poor nutrition can disrupt essential systems in the body. 
  Do As I Say, Not As I Do 
Ultimately, the findings from this study urge us to reconsider how we define 'healthy' when it comes to pet nutrition. Lean body condition is important, yes, but it is not enough. If the diet fueling that lean body is rich in saturated fats and low in fiber and micronutrients, it may be quietly laying the groundwork for future disease. And if the dog's gut is inflamed, its immune system compromised, or its microbial balance disrupted, then we are failing our pets, even if they look 'fine.' 
  This study challenges the conventional wisdom that a dog's outward appearance is a sufficient measure of health. Many owners assume that as long as their dog maintains a healthy weight, all is well. This research, however, shows that diet composition—not just calorie count—can greatly impact internal health, even in dogs that seem outwardly healthy. It also reinforces the limitations of do-it-yourself nutrition. Homemade diets are only as good as their formulation. Without careful nutrient analysis and professional guidance, they risk being incomplete, imbalanced, and biologically harmful over time. 
  Of course, this does not mean that all homemade diets are bad. When properly formulated, home-prepared meals can be an excellent choice for pets with specific needs or owners who wish for more control over the ingredients. The key lies in precision, not guesswork. Creating balanced recipes requires nutritional software, ingredient databases, and a deep understanding of species-specific needs—resources that are not commonly available to the average pet owner. 
  Why Leading Fresh Food Brands Rely on BSM Partners 
That's where we come in. In today's pet food landscape, where fresh, homemade-style diets are in high demand, nutritional precision is not just a bonus; it's a necessity. At BSM Partners, we bridge the gap between great ideas and scientifically sound execution. Our team of veterinary nutritionists, formulators, and microbiome experts work hand in hand with fresh food brands to ensure every recipe is not only complete-and-balanced, but also designed to support long-term wellness. We go far beyond basic nutrient targets; we create diets that align with how a pet's body actually responds to food. 
  Whether entering the market or refining an existing product, partnering with BSM Partners ensures that your brand benefits from rigorous science, regulatory expertise, and a deep understanding of how ingredients interact with biology. In a space where consumer trust hinges on real results, BSM Partners is not just a partner—we are your competitive edge. 
  About the Author
Neeley Bowden is a Manager of Special Services on the BSM Partners Product Innovation team. She earned her bachelor's degree in pet food production and her master's in food science. In her early career, she worked in product innovation of pet food ingredients, focusing on the development of palatability enhancers. Bowden calls her horse farm in South Carolina home, along with her faithful canine, Allie. 


By Neeley Bowden
Source: BSM Parnters

25/04/2025

Use of Postbiotics in Pets: The Biotics World

While probiotics have been widely studied, postbiotics are emerging as a stable and effective alternative for promoting gut and immune health in pets.

Understanding the differences between these biotic solutions and how postbiotics fit into pet nutrition is essential for manufacturers looking to create high-quality, science-backed pet food products.
The Biotic World: Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics

1. Prebiotics
Prebiotics are dietary fibers that serve as food for beneficial gut bac-teria. They are non-digestible by pets but selectively stimulate the growth and ac-tivity of good bacteria in the gut. Common sources include: Inulin Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) Galactooligosaccharides (GOS)
Prebiotics support a healthy gut microbiome, which in turn enhances digestion and immune function.

2. Probiotics
Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. They help maintain a balanced gut microbiota and commonly found examples include: Lactobacillus species Bifidobacterium species Saccharomyces boulardii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Probiotics can improve digestion, boost immunity, and aid in nutrient absorption. However, their stability in pet food is a challenge, as live bacteria can be sensitive to temperature, require proper storage conditions, and can lose effectiveness over time.

3. Synbiotics
Synbiotics are a combination of prebiotics and probiotics, designed to enhance the survival and activity of beneficial bacteria. The prebiotics provide fuel for the probiotics, improving their effectiveness in supporting gut health.

4. Postbiotics
Postbiotics are bioactive compounds derived from probiotic fer-mentation. Unlike probiotics, postbiotics do not contain live bacteria. However, the microbial source (yeast, funghi or bacteria) can influence the range of bioac-tive compounds. Typically bacterial postbiotics have the greatest diversity of compounds including beneficial metabolites such as: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) Biologically active small-size peptides Exopolysaccharides Plasmalogens Enzymes Vitamins and amino acids
  Because postbiotics do not require live organisms to be effective, they are stable, easy to incorporate into pet food, and do not pose risks associated with bacterial overgrowth.
Benefits of Postbiotics for Pets
1. Gut health support
Postbiotics help maintain a balanced gut microbiota, sup-porting digestion and preventing gastrointestinal disorders. They enhance gut bar-rier function, reducing the risk of leaky gut syndrome and inflammatory conditions.

2. Immune system enhancement
Postbiotics interact with the immune system by stimulating protective responses and reducing inflammation. This makes them val-uable for pets with allergies or weakened immune systems.

3. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects
Chronic inflammation is linked to many pet diseases, including arthritis, skin issues, and digestive disorders. Postbiot-ics contain bioactive compounds that reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, promoting overall health.

4. Skin and coat health
A balanced gut microbiome impacts skin health by reduc-ing inflammation and improving nutrient absorption. Postbiotics contribute to a shinier coat and reduced skin irritations in pets.

5. Stress and anxiety management
The gut-brain connection influences pet be-havior. Certain postbiotics help produce neurotransmitters like serotonin, which regulate mood and stress responses, making them beneficial for anxious pets.
How to Incorporate Postbiotics into Pet Nutrition
Functional pet food
Postbiotics can be added to kibble, wet food, and treats, ensuring pets receive consistent health benefits without the need for refrigeration.

Supplements
Powdered or capsule forms of postbiotics allow pet owners to customize dosages based on individual pet needs.

Veterinary formulations
Postbiotics are gaining traction in veterinary medicine, used in therapeutic diets to manage digestive and immune-related conditions.
Conclusion
Postbiotics represent a new frontier in pet nutrition, offering a stable, effective, and science-backed approach to gut health and immune support. Unlike probiot-ics, they do not require live bacteria to be beneficial, making them easier to in-corporate into pet food products. 

For pet food manufacturers, understanding and utilizing postbiotics provides an opportunity to create innovative, high-quality products that cater to the increasing demand for functional pet nutrition. By embracing postbiotics, the industry can enhance pet health and well-being, ensuring happier and healthier companion animals.


By Yunior Acosta Aragón
Source: All Pet Food

16/04/2025

Nutritional Needs of Cats and Dogs

Pet food can be complete or complementary. Complete pet food is nutritionally complete: providing all the nutrients in the amounts and proportions your pet needs. Complementary pet food (e.g. treats) is designed to be only a part of the diet and it won't meet the nutritional requirements when fed alone.
  Pet food manufacturers have developed the nutritional expertise to ensure pet food contains the right ingredients in the right amounts to supply the needed nutrients. They often work together with independent nutrition scientists or follow guidelines which have been developed by a group of scientists working together.
  The broadening knowledge of pet nutrition and food technology has transformed the pet food industry remarkably over the years. It is now widely recognised by the veterinary profession and other stakeholders that improved nutrition is an important factor which helps pets to live longer, healthier lives.
  Besides water there are 5 key nutrients: Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Vitamins Minerals
  The first 3 provide the energy your pet needs for e.g. growth, digestion, temperature regulation and of course activity.
  Proteins
Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are hundreds of different amino acids, but a number of these are required for dogs and cats. Pets can produce some amino acids themselves; those are the so-called non-essential amino acids which do not need to be present in the diet. Others are essential and need to be part of the pet food: for dogs there are 10 essential amino acids, for cats there are 11.
  Proteins are the building blocks of organs, muscles, bones, blood, immune system and hair and nails. Proteins in pet food can come from various different ingredients, both from animal and vegetable origin like poultry, beef, pork, fish, eggs, corn, rice, peas or soybeans.
  It's important that the pet eats the right amount of proteins and that the protein can be easily digested and absorbed, which is influenced by the source of the protein and the processing of the food. In prepared pet food, manufacturers generally select a variety of ingredients to provide the required amount and type of proteins/amino acids.
  Excess proteins which are consumed by the pet are not stored in the body and also not used to make even more muscle tissue. Feeding extra protein in excess of the amount that your pet requires provides no health benefit to your pet.
  Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are used by the body to provide immediate energy for activities and are stored in the liver and muscle as glycogen. Energy use is needed for various body functions like metabolism and the function of the brain and nervous system. There exists no minimum level of carbohydrates which needs to be in pet food, but carbohydrates provide a concentrated source of dietary energy and dietary fibre.
  There are two types: digestible carbohydrates (starches and sugars) which provide energy and indigestible carbohydrates (fibre) which are important for stool quality and gut motility. Fibres can help in weight management because they are low in calories and help provide the feeling of satiety.
  The ingredients providing carbohydrates are mainly plant ingredients like corn, barley, peas, rice, wheat and potatoes. Dietary fibre sources include for instance dried beet pulp, wheat bran or soybean hulls. Many sources of carbohydrates also provide other nutrients like protein, fat or vitamins.
  Because of the manufacturing process of grinding and cooking the carbohydrates become easily digestible. A genetic change in the ancestors of our modern dogs (compared with wolves) allowing them to thrive on a diet rich in starch was a crucial step in their early domestication. Also cats can utilise glucose from digesting starch in their diet. A key exception is the pet's ability to digest lactose (milk sugar) because they have lower levels of the enzyme lactase required to split the lactose into individual sugars.
  Dietary fat
Fats in pet food are a source of essential fatty acids which are needed to make certain hormones and maintain the cell membranes. Certain vitamins (A, D, E and K) can only be absorbed, stored and transported by fat. Dietary fats improve palatability and add texture for greater enjoyment of the food. And of course, fats are a great source of energy because they provide about 2 ½ times the level of energy that proteins or carbohydrates can provide. So especially for active animals fats are important, while at the same time we need to be careful with the fat intake for many indoor pets where controlling fat intake helps them not become overweight or obese.
  Fats in pet food come from animal and vegetable sources.

Two key fatty acid families are the omega-3 and omega-6 (or n-3 and n-6) families. Omega-3 fatty acids are needed for cell membranes and reduces inflammation. Good sources of omega-3 fatty acids are fish, shellfish and flaxseed. Omega-6 fatty acids are important to aid in the process of repairing tissue and are found in vegetable oils.
  Minerals & Vitamins
The major or macro minerals needed in the body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride and magnesium. The amounts needed of the trace elements are much smaller and these include for instance iron, copper and selenium.
  Vitamins are nutrients needed in very small amounts, but they enable many functions in the body. Dogs and cats cannot make all the vitamins they need; so these must be supplied by the food.
  Minerals and vitamins are partly provided by the ingredients which deliver the major nutrients of protein, carbohydrates and fat and the other minerals and vitamins are added to the recipe.
  Download the factsheet or click here for more fact sheets.


Source: FEDIAF

09/04/2025

Tendencies and Trends: Where Dog and Cat Nutrition Goes

By Candela Bonaura

Firstly, we feel deep empathy and love for our pets and start sharing nutritional habits and food they cannot digest, making them suffer from disorders or diseases. For example, obesity is not only a disease but also triggers heart and articular conditions, diabetes, or oncological disorders.

We should destroy the myth that being fatty means being healthy and be conscious that we demonstrate affection by sharing food, that is why we should seek healthy treats.

Nowadays, the market is prepared for this and even more; nutrition programs consider a small percentage of treats so as not to exceed the daily calorie intake.

On the other hand, there are feeding tendencies or food that, in my opinion, are insecure and not based on our pets' actuality. Is BARF or raw food a tendency or a trend with little scientific basis?

Sometimes, trends cause discomfort and are not always accurate. The truth is that cats and dogs have been able to differentiate from their wild ancestors, and it is not secure to replace the prey concept with raw diets, lacking tests and norms that ensure safety and meet nutritional profiles and macro/micronutrient requirements.

Once again, I highlight the range of information in the industry about different types and nutritional proposals, such as homemade food, dry and canned wet food, treats, and snacks, all with their nutritional profiles. As professionals, it is important to understand this to recommend the best option to each patient without making tendencies become an unproven trend but based on evidence that reduces the risk of error and enhances dog and cat well-being. By doing it, we promote health and quality of life.     By Dr. M. Candela Bonaura Source: All Pet Food Magazine  

04/04/2025

Loaf, Kibble, Stew—Oh My! A No-Judgment Guide to Feeding Your Pet

Back to Basics: Kibble 
The trusty, crunchy staple. It's the pet food equivalent of a beige cardigan, while not exactly the most exciting thing, it is practical and reliable. Kibble can be extruded or baked. Either way, it's typically brown and round. When selecting kibble for your pet, here are some foods for thought to consider:  
  Pros: Convenient, like finding a twenty in your old jeans. Kibble has convenience on its side, as well as a variety of meats, flavors, and types of carbohydrates. Kibble has something for everyone in the sense that it has a variety of flavor offerings, can come in specialized diets, and is easy to store away in your pantry for Fido's next feeding. 
  Cons: Aside from finding one of these crunchy pieces on the floor in the middle of the night, kibble may not be as tasty as other formats (listed below) for those pickier eaters.  
  Pet Parent Pro-Tip: If your pet looks at their kibble like you look at a salad, try adding a splash of warm water. Instant gravy… sort of. Or try topping with a different format below.  
  Side note: For those who are new to topping your pet's food, this can be a fun way to add different flavors, try different formats, and increase palatability at mealtime. Watch out for going overboard on toppers, though, as too much can cause an imbalance of nutrients and add too many calories to your pet's daily caloric intake.   
  Loaf, Chunks, or Stew… So Much to Choose: Wet Food 
Wet food: not just pâté for the picky palates. It's the pet food equivalent of a five-star restaurant—if that restaurant served everything in a can. Today's wet food is not limited to a can but comes in various packages and textures, such as chunks in gravy, stews, and loaf/pâté. Before feeling overwhelmed by a sea of cans, here is the skinny (or not so skinny) on those tasty tins: 
  Pros: Hydrating! Perfect for pets who think water is only for baths. Highly palatable, especially for those picky eaters, as it is packed with high amounts of meat and natural animal fat.  
  Cons: Some say the smell, while those with larger dogs are thinking pocketbook. Since wet food is meat-forward, the smell can be more pungent than that of kibble. However, as wet food is, well… wet, the calories per volume are lower, meaning a larger dog may need to eat upwards of 10+ cans a day to meet its daily caloric intake.  
  Pet Parent Pro-Tip: Invest in a good, reusable can lid (and maybe a nose clip). Wet food can be excellent for topping a pet's normal diet for picky eaters if feeding only wet food is not economical. It can also serve as a great method for hiding medicine.  
  The Lightweight Champ of The Pet Food Aisle: Freeze-Dried 
Freeze-dried food is the pet food equivalent of astronaut ice cream—lightweight, convenient, and a bit of a novelty. Freeze-dried foods are gaining popularity, but what do we truly know about these overnight sensations?  
  Pros: Freeze-dried food is super convenient and easy for on-the-go treats or food. Typically, it is rich in meat and animal protein and tastes great! Freeze-dried is a great option for those seeking a 'minimally processed' or 'gently cooked' alternative; just remember that those descriptors do not have true regulatory definitions.  
  Cons: Can be somewhat expensive. When comparing cost per pound, freeze-dried food is significantly higher than kibble or wet food. However, when considering the daily feeding amounts, the difference may not be substantial. A little can go a long way; freeze-dried food is calorically dense even if the product may be light—keep this in mind to prevent overfeeding. 
  Pet Parent Pro-Tip: Store freeze-dried food or treats in an airtight container to prevent them from getting stale.     Something to Chew On: Air-Dried 
Air-dried food has a chewy, jerky texture that has a bit more moisture than crunchy kibble, which can enhance its flavor. Think of your pet's favorite jerky treat, but as a complete-and-balanced meal! Before running to the store to stock up, here are a few pros and cons of air-dried products. 
  Pros: Notably recognized for being highly palatable, especially for dogs. More brands are developing air-dried options, which offer different animal proteins and ingredient options. 
  Cons: Making jerky requires salt, and air-dried products are no different. If your pet has a medical condition requiring lower sodium, contact the company to determine the sodium level before feeding. Additionally, air-drying processes vary across brands, so texture may differ from one brand to another. 
  Pet Parent Pro-Tip: Air-dried products can be a bit on the pricier side, but with complete-and-balanced options, using them as a topper could be a fun way to introduce a new format to your pet without breaking the bank. 
  Living on The Wild Side: Raw Food 
Raw food: for the pet parent who dreams of their pet channeling its inner wolf or lion. If you dare to venture into feeding raw, pet food brands now offer complete-and-balanced raw options. But before jumping in, check out some of these considerations.  
  Pros: For those who wish to feed raw but don't know where to start, pet food brands that have embraced formulating raw pet food now offer complete and balanced options out there—taking the guesswork out of which multivitamin to add to your pet's bowl.  
  Cons: The risk of bacteria is real, people. And let's not forget the meticulous hygiene required, which may not be ideal for those with compromised immune systems or for families with children (who often like to sample the dog's food, as well).  
  Pet Parent Pro-Tip: If you're feeding raw, do your research, keep good cleaning products on hand, and maybe wear gloves…. and a hazmat suit.   The Bottom Line 
Choosing the right food format is a personal journey, much like finding the perfect pair of socks. Just breathe and remember to consider your pet's activity level, age, and nutritional needs when making your selection. When in doubt, consult your pet food nutritionist friend (me!)—because, after all, your pet probably just wants to eat whatever you're having anyway. Now, go forth and choose wisely!     About the Author
Dr. Stephanie Clark is a board-certified companion animal nutritionist, veterinary nurse and nutrition specialist, a pet owner, and a mother who had a baby during the formula shortage. She has spent the past almost two decades dedicating her career to the welfare of pets, livestock, and wildlife. She currently provides nutritional consultations for veterinary clinics and works in the pet food industry.     By Dr. Stephanie Clark, PhD, CVT, PAS, CFS, Dpl. ACAS, VTS (Nutrition) Source: BSM Partners

01/04/2025

Future Trends in Pet Food: How Innovation Transforms How We Feed Companion Animals

Personalized Pet Nutrition   Personalized pet nutrition reflects the growing trend of pet humanization, where companion animals are seen as unique individuals or fur babies. Advances in data analytics, bioinformatics, biobanking, artificial intelligence (AI), and gut microbiome analysis, are all enabling the design and manufacturing of tailored diets to meet individual pets' specific needs.
  DNA Testing and Gut Microbiome Analysis kits are readily available to assess a pet's genetic predisposition to certain health issues, food sensitivities, and digestive health. Using this data, specialized diets can be formulated to align with a pet's biology, and though in its infancy, pet food companies will be offering models where pet parents will be able to receive pet food and a microbiome kit in order to tailor a truly 'PET-sonalized' diet for Fido.
  The development of 'PET-sonalized' nutrition combined with data analytics and machine learning language models, will be a game changer and a disruptor to the traditional 'one size fits all,' type of food. Even prescription diets designed to address conditions like obesity, diabetes, allergies, and kidney disease will benefit from these breakthroughs.    The Impact of Functional Foods and Supplements   Functional foods, which provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition, are becoming a major focus in human and companion animal diets driven by consumer interest in holistic health, immunity, and mental well-being. People are increasingly seeking foods and supplements that enhance longevity, mobility, and overall health, not only for themselves but their companion animals as well. Interestingly enough, there are similarities in what people want and need for themselves and for their companion animals regarding wellbeing, namely gut health, joint and mobility health, immune support, longevity, weight control and cognitive health.
  Biotic nutrition, a term I coined a few years back (2022) for a presentation, combines the idea of biotics (referring to probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, etc.) and the broader focus they have on personalized nutrition to address some of the issues listed above.  
  Collagen, the 'forgotten' protein, is the most abundant protein in the body. There are many types of collagens (27 or so). In general, it is the primary building block of the body's skin, muscles, bones, tendons and ligaments, and other connective tissues. Though more research is needed, initial reports suggest benefits of collagen being incorporated into diets to support joint health, especially for senior pets or large breeds prone to arthritis, and other health conditions.
  There are several other functional ingredients, like MCTs (medium chain triglycerides), polyphenols, botanical extracts (nootropics and adaptogens), natural senolytics, specific prebiotics fibers, and resistant starches, where their discussion to address specific health and wellbeing challenges is beyond the scope of this article but are examples of what is coming up in the future to boost wellbeing.   Technological Innovation in Pet Food Production   Technology continues to play a significant role in revolutionizing how pet food is produced, processed, and delivered. Innovations in manufacturing and food preservation are ensuring better quality, safety, and nutritional value.
  Technologies such as freeze-dried, gently steamed, sous vide, cold pressed, high-pressure processing (HPP), air-dried, gently cooked, are alternative processes gaining traction to provide alternative feeding formats that are designed to maintain and preserve nutrient quality in the ingredients comprising the diet. Fresh and refrigerated diets, freshly prepared, and minimally processed meals that require refrigeration are gaining popularity and are perceived to offer better taste and texture than traditional formats.
  Technologies such as 3D Printing and Smart packaging and their integration with the Internet of Things (IoT) are coming of age. Sensors to track freshness and consumption in real time, printing of petfood in different custom shapes is not too far in the distance which can be tailored to the pet's dietary needs.
  Sustainability, Ethical Practices, and the Rise of Alternative Proteins   Sustainability and ethical production practices are becoming key drivers in the pet food market, reflecting broader environmental and animal welfare concerns. As a way to address these challenges, pet food manufacturers are looking into alternative proteins and other eco-friendly solutions.
  Insect based proteins (black soldier fly larvae, mealworms, and crickets) are emerging as nutrient-dense alternative protein sources.
  Plant based proteins and ingredients like lentils, peas, quinoa, and soy are finding their way into diets for pets, particularly for dogs, which are omnivores.  
  Cultivated Meat or lab-grown meat, produced without the need for slaughtering animals, is on the horizon. This technology is touted as an ethical, sustainable way to provide high-quality animal proteins for companion animals.
  Pet food companies have used upcycled ingredients for many years, though the terms used then were not as catchy as Upcycling. In other words, adding value to food by-products would otherwise go to waste and be sustainable.
  The use of eco-friendly packaging (biodegradable, recyclable, and reusable) plus ethical ingredient sourcing (transparency in sourcing practices) is a priority for many pet food brands with high social responsibility.   Conclusion: A New Era for Pet Nutrition   The future of pet food is shaped by innovation, a deeper understanding of pets' unique nutritional needs and to a degree sustainability. From alternative proteins and personalized diets to functional ingredients and cutting-edge production technologies, the pet food industry is evolving to meet the demands of health-conscious, eco-aware consumers. As our companion animals continue to hold a cherished place in our households, the focus on their nutrition will only intensify, driving further advancements and reshaping how we feed our furry companions.
  Ultimately, these trends reflect a broader shift toward providing companion animals with diets and foods that are not only nutritious but sustainable and personalized. In this dynamic landscape, innovation will be the key to ensuring our pets, our companion animals, thrive alongside our human families in a healthier, more sustainable future.     By Juan Gómez-Basauri, Ph.D. - Magellan, LLC Source: All Pet Food Magazine

20/03/2025

Harnessing the Power of Postbiotics for Pets

This has led to the growing interest in prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics. While probiotics (live bacteria) and prebiotics (fiber-based food for good bacteria) are well known, postbiotics are emerging as a powerful and stable alternative in pet nutrition.

Pet food manufacturers can harness the benefits of postbiotics to improve pet health, enhance product stability, and meet the growing demand for functional pet foods. This article explores what postbiotics are, their benefits, and how they can be incorporated into pet food formulations.   What are Postbiotics?
Postbiotics are bioactive compounds produced during the fermentation of beneficial bacteria. Unlike probiotics, which contain live bacteria, postbiotics are made of inactivated microorganisms and their metabolic byproducts. This means they do not require refrigeration, are more stable in pet food, and eliminate the risk of bacterial overgrowth.

Postbiotics can include:
    Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which support gut health
  Biologically active small-size peptides 
  Enzymes that aid digestion
  Exopolysaccharides
  Plasmalogen
  Vitamins and amino acids that contribute to overall well-being
  Because postbiotics do not contain live bacteria, they are a safe option for immunocompromised pets, young animals, and those with sensitive digestive systems.   Benefits of Postbiotics in Pet Food
1. Supporting gut health
A healthy gut microbiome is essential for proper digestion, nutrient absorption, and immune function. Postbiotics, particularly SCFAs like butyrate and acetate, nourish intestinal cells and maintain gut barrier integrity. This helps prevent diarrhea, bloating, and other digestive issues.

2. Enhancing immune support
At least 70% of a pet's immune system resides in the gut. Postbiotics help regulate immune responses by reducing inflammation and stimulating protective immune cells. This can improve a pet's ability to fight off infections and reduce allergic reactions.

3. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties
Chronic inflammation contributes to many pet diseases, including arthritis, skin disorders, and gastrointestinal issues. Postbiotics contain bioactive compounds that modulate inflammatory pathways and reduce oxidative stress, promoting long-term health.

4. Improved skin and coat health
A well-balanced gut microbiome influences skin and coat health. Postbiotics help reduce inflammation linked to skin conditions such as allergies and dermatitis. Additionally, their contribution to nutrient absorption ensures pets receive essential vitamins and fatty acids for a shiny coat.

5. Stress and anxiety management
The gut-brain axis links digestive health to mental well-being. Some postbiotics help produce neurotransmitters like serotonin, which regulate mood and stress responses. This can be beneficial for pets prone to anxiety, especially in stressful situations like travel or separation.

6. Increased shelf stability
Unlike probiotics, postbiotics do not require special handling, refrigeration, or live bacterial viability. This makes them ideal for pet food formulations, ensuring consistent health benefits throughout a product's shelf life.
  How to Choose the Right Postbiotic for Pet Food
1. Understanding the source
Postbiotics should be derived from well-characterized probiotic strains. The bacterial source should be known and documented to ensure consistency and efficacy.

2. Evaluating composition
Different postbiotics contain different bioactive compounds. Selecting the right composition based on specific health goals (gut health, immune support, skin health) is crucial for formulating targeted pet food products.

3. Safety and regulatory compliance
Pet food manufacturers should choose postbiotics that meet safety and regulatory standards. Postbiotics should undergo rigorous testing to confirm their benefits and absence of harmful substances.

4. Compatibility with other ingredients
Since postbiotics are stable, they can be easily incorporated into dry and wet pet foods. However, manufacturers should ensure they do not interact negatively with other functional ingredients.
  Incorporating Postbiotics into Pet Food
1. Functional pet treats
Postbiotic-infused treats can serve as an easy way for pet owners to support their pet's gut health. These can include biscuits, soft chews, or freeze-dried treats.

2. Dry and wet pet food
Postbiotics can be added to kibble or canned pet food, providing long-lasting health benefits without affecting taste or texture.

3. Supplements
Postbiotics are available in powder or capsule form, allowing pet owners to add them to meals as needed. This offers flexibility in dosing based on pet needs.
  Conclusion
Postbiotics are a game-changer in pet nutrition, offering stability, safety, and scientifically backed health benefits. By incorporating postbiotics into pet food, manufacturers can enhance gut health, immune function, and overall well-being in pets. As demand for functional pet foods grows, postbiotics present a valuable opportunity for innovation in the industry.

Pet food manufacturers who embrace postbiotics will not only provide superior nutrition but also meet the evolving needs of health-conscious pet owners. With the right formulation, postbiotics can redefine pet food and promote a healthier future for companion animals.   By Yunior Acosta Aragón
Source: B2B-Feed s.r.o.

27/02/2025

Using the Gut-liver Axis to Guide Nutrition

The gut-liver axis is defined by the bidirectional crosstalk between the gastrointestinal tract and the liver in health and disease. Signals continuously arise from dietary, genetic, and environmental factors. Key players in this conversation are the intestinal mucosal barrier, the gut microbiome, the portal vein, and the liver/biliary system.
  The immune system also interacts with each component of the gut-liver axis. Understanding each part of this axis and its role in gastrointestinal and liver disease may help direct therapies, including nutritional interventions, medications, and supplements that modulate and support the gut mucosal barrier, intestinal microbiota, and liver regeneration and repair.
  Gut-liver crosstalk
How many cases of gastroenteritis do you see where elevations of liver enzymes are present, or perhaps mild cases of vomiting and/or diarrhea where you see an elevation of alanine transaminase (ALT) liver enzyme and no clinical signs are noted?
  For some cases, we can see this enzyme rise when signs of gastroenteritis occur and then resolve, but for others, it seems to persist over time. Questions arise: what is the cause of this liver enzyme elevation, and why is it persistent despite resolution of clinical signs? We must work through our differential list for all possible causes of ALT elevation (in dogs and cats, this includes hepatocellular injury or, less often, muscle damage and is related to cell damage, increased membrane permeability, blebbing or necrosis, which can be transient or permanent; half-life of ALT is 59 hours in dogs and 2.8-4.4 hours in cats).1,2 However, this rise in ALT may reflect the crosstalk within the gut-liver axis that is always happening.
  The Gut-Liver Axis Anatomy in the dog is composed of the intestinal mucosal barrier within the intestine, the portal vein, the liver/ gall bladder/ biliary system, and the gut microbiome. Source: Disorders of the Liver and Gallbladder in Dogs by Sharon A. Center
  The intestinal barrier
Within the intestinal tract, specialized barriers exist to regulate what bacteria, bacterial products, nutrients, and metabolites may cross through and reach the liver. Anatomically, this includes the intestinal mucosa, the epithelium, and the immune system. The intestinal mucosal barrier serves as the interface between the inside of the body (interstitium or submucosa) and the outside (intestinal lumen, the external environment). A mucous layer exists on its surface, which may be affected adversely or even disappear during conditions of dysbiosis.
  Tight junctions are present between mucosal epithelial cells that work to prevent the translocation of bacteria and bacterial products from the intestinal lumen across the barrier to gain access to the body and its vascular system. Bacteria within the microbiome produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which provide energy for mucosal cells as well as ligands that seal and boost gut barrier function.
  Bile acids within the intestinal lumen also serve as metabolic regulators by influencing the gut bacterial composition in addition to assisting with fat digestion and absorption. They interact with specialized receptors on intestinal and immune cells. A specialized receptor called Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) serves as a sensor of bile acid synthesis and secretion along with enhancing mucosal epithelial barrier function and even repairing gut microvasculature.
  The Intestinal Mucosal Barrier in Health and Disease.28 On the left, the intestinal mucosal epithelium has a loosely adhered and tightly adhered mucous layer. The epithelial cells are aligned with normal anatomy, intact tight junctions and normal villi perform digestive and absorptive functions. On the right, the intestinal epithelial barrier is depicted in a compromised state such as that which occurs with patients with chronic enteropathies. A dysbiotic microbiome is present with less diversity and function, the mucous layer is disrupted and less attached, and the intestinal epithelial cells are shortened and will have less optimal digestive and absorptive function with loss of tight junctions that may allow
potential translocation of bacterial and bacterial by-products across the barrier stimulating an inflammatory response. Source: Suchodolski JS - Assessing and Managing the Gut Microbiome in Canine and Feline Practice. In "Purina Institute - Canine and Feline Clinical Nutrition Handbook, 2023 edition"
  Portal vein
The portal vein functions to transport nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for processing, storage, or conversion to energy. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all transported to the liver to participate in further metabolic pathways. Toxins and waste products from digestive organs are also transported to the liver and detoxified. Blood from the portal vein delivers antigens from the gut to the liver, where it interacts with the immune system and serves as the first line of defense from pathogens and toxins entering the body from the gastrointestinal system.
  When liver disease is present, portal hypertension can disrupt the intestinal barrier and cause vasodilation, elevated plasma volume, intestinal wall edema, and expansion of epithelial intercellular spaces leading to loss of tight junctions. This will increase intestinal permeability and cause "leaky gut," which increases the risk of translocation of gut luminal contents across the gut barrier.
  Bacteria and their metabolites, including endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), will activate the immune system triggering both pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cascades. With a diseased liver, exaggerated or unregulated immune responses occur. This inflammation will cause increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant status leading to direct cellular damage and further degradation of the intestinal barrier.
  The gut microbiome
The gut microbiome comprises bacteria, yeast, viruses, parasites, and archaea that live within and throughout the intestinal tract. Abnormal gut microbial balance, or dysbiosis, is thought to be a key stimulus of intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier dysfunction.
  Dysbiosis is characterized by a loss in microbial diversity. Within the gut-liver axis, it may be impacted by impaired enterohepatic circulation, altered gut motility, or altered bile acid metabolism. With dysbiosis, the intestinal barrier becomes compromised, and bacterial translocation creates a cycle of increased inflammation, immune system activation, impaired bile acid metabolism, and reduced SCFA production. These contribute to worsening gut barrier function.
  Liver and biliary system
Liver disease can include cholestasis or hepatic dysfunction, and decreases in bile acid metabolism are seen. This can alter intestinal motility and permeability, stimulating both hepatic and intestinal inflammation. Compounded with this is a reduction of bile acid-converting bacteria resulting from dysbiosis, which increases the level of primary hydrophobic toxic bile acids traveling through the intestinal tract and directly damaging intestinal and hepatic cell membranes. A decline in FXR signaling reduces intestinal barrier function, further decreasing primary bile acids.
  Nutrition and supplements
What does this mean for the veterinary practitioner? For our patients with suspected disruption of the gut-liver axis, we need to consider interventions that support and restore normal gut balance at all components.
  For mildly affected patients, we can recommend a "multi-modal" treatment plan focused on nutrition, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and sometimes fecal microbial transplantation.
  More severely affected patients or those with persistent liver enzyme elevations will warrant further workup (bile acid testing, gastrointestinal panel (TLI, pLi, B12, folate), imaging (ultrasound), and liver biopsy). In some cases, we may need to consider antibiotics, anti-inflammatory or immune-suppressing medications, or even bile acid sequestrants.
  For many patients, however, using strategies with diet, supplements, and medications that address each area of the gut-liver axis can help improve our patient's care.
  Nutrition is the foundation
Diets recommended to manage acute gastroenteritis will be highly digestible, highly palatable, and contain a moderate protein level (not excessively high or low), moderate to lower fat, and include variable amounts of mixed fiber sources.
  A therapeutic commercial gastroenteric diet or a temporary home-prepared diet can be offered until appetite and stool quality improve. A therapeutic commercial diet or a complete and balanced home-prepared diet can be fed long term if the patient responds positively. For some patients, diet trials on different foods may be required to find the best nutrition plan. Examples of appropriate diets for managing dogs presenting with gastroenteritis are included in Table 1.
 
Prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation
Prebiotics and probiotics improve intestinal health primarily by interacting with the intestinal microbiota, increasing beneficial intestinal metabolites, enhancing mucosal barrier properties, and promoting cellular and humoral immunity.
  Prebiotics nourish the beneficial microbes and support microbiome balance and diversity and can be delivered by natural foods or supplements. Numerous fibers have been studied as inclusions in pet foods, and research is ongoing to understand how fibers can support various populations of gut microbes in positive ways. Trial and error may be required to find the best fiber type, level, or combination for an individual patient.
  Probiotics can interact with the existing patient microbiota and create competition for nutrients, antagonism, or secretion of bacteriocins and other antimicrobial factors inhibiting pathogens and supporting microbiota stability.
  Postbiotics have traditionally referred to the metabolites produced by probiotics; however, the definition now includes inactivated micro-organisms and their fragments, which can also provide positive benefits to the microbiome.
  Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) is becoming an increasingly popular therapy for dogs with acute and chronic enteropathies. A few studies have noted improvements in clinical indices and a reduction in disease severity. Potential benefits of utilizing FMT could include restoration of secondary bile acids, increased proportion of SCFA-producing bacteria and SCFAs, and improvement or resolution of dysbiosis. These features can also help support the gut-liver axis.
  Antibiotic stewardship
Prescribing antimicrobials for acute and chronic diarrheas has been common practice in veterinary medicine.18,19 However, empiric use in dogs and cats has little scientific support. A recent study noted no improvement in outcomes of dogs receiving antimicrobials versus other supportive supplements.
  Use of antimicrobials has been shown to cause dysbiosis and a reduction in microbiota richness and composition. These changes may result in an unstable microbiome and relapses after treatment. In addition, exposure to antimicrobials has been identified as a risk factor for the development of inflammatory bowel disease.
  Other supplements
For liver support, supplements can be added to provide antioxidant support, such as S-adenosylmethionine, silymarin/ silybin, and vitamin E. Curcumin, the active component in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties and may improve circulation and reduce hepatic fibrosis.
  Immunomodulation with arginine and beta-glucans is often provided in supplements targeting gut support. L-glutamine may supply the preferred fuel source for enterocytes and support repair of the epithelial barrier; however, caution is warranted with significant liver dysfunction as supplementation may challenge ammonia tolerance.
  In more chronic cases, supplementing the omega-3 fatty acids to provide eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid may help reduce the production of inflammatory molecules. Additional supplementation of B vitamins (cobalamin, folate) may be considered for the provision of metabolic cofactors or correction of depletion caused by gut dysbiosis.
  Multi-modal therapy is key
When making treatment plans for these patients, remember to consider all aspects of the gut-liver axis, as they have both gastrointestinal and hepatic involvement. Consider how you can support each component of this axis, how you can do so with nutrition and/or supplements, then reassess and adjust.
  For mildly affected patients, it may only be necessary to use nutritional changes, but the addition of select supplements may also hasten recovery.
  For those with more severe clinical signs or persistent liver enzyme elevations, it is warranted to pursue additional diagnostics as usual, and medications may be indicated along with nutritional and supplemental interventions.

By Laura Gaylord, DVM, DACVIM (Nutrition)

Source: Veterinary Practice News

 

05/02/2025

The Benefits of Comercially Prepared Pet Food

Owners consider the likes and dislikes of the pet and their own view regarding convenience, cost and variety of food provided to the pets. There is no particular single 'right' way to feed pets, as long as the nutritional needs of the dog or cat are being met.
  Prepared pet food from reputable pet food manufacturers come with a reassurance of nutritional adequacy, quality and safety. There is a wide variety of recipes, varieties and textures to choose from, and they are convenient to use. Selecting nutritionally complete pet food means that this pet food has been developed to provide a balanced diet. This pet food provides all of the animals' requirements for energy, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals.
  Pet owners can mix and match wet and dry pet food, in accordance with the feeding guidelines found on the packaging, which are nutritionally complete and balanced to provide exactly the preferred mix for pet and owner, comfortable in the knowledge that they are providing complete nutrition for their pet. 
  Why is prepared pet food so popular?
  Excellent nutrition Convenience Cost effective Safety Consistency Variety Pet satisfaction Sustainability   What does prepared pet food deliver?   They provide the correct amount, balance and availability of nutrients to sustain physical and mental health and activity.
  Sufficiently concentrated to allow the animal to meet its nutritional requirements by consuming the food offered.
  Tastiness (palatability) to ensure the food is eagerly consumed, since an uneaten meal has no nutritional value. Palatability of the food is important as feeding time should be a rewarding experience for both the owner and the pet which reinforces the bond between a dog or cat and its owner.
  By utilising quality nutritious meat and plant-based ingredients that originate from the production of human food, prepared pet food provides a sustainable source of balanced nutrition in an environmentally sustainable and responsible manner.    What is a balanced diet?   Dogs and cats need a balanced diet which contains just the right amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and essential vitamins and minerals to ensure that they stay in peak condition. These nutrients must be present, not only in the correct amounts, but also in some cases in the correct proportion to each other to provide a nutritionally complete and balanced diet. Pet's requirements for these nutrients varies throughout life and are determined by factors such as age, whether the pet is active or sedentary, state of the pet's health, reproduction, and environmental conditions.
In meeting the particular needs of an individual animal, the owner must provide the required amount and correct balance of energy and essential nutrients in a quantity of food the pet will consume. Since animals eat to meet their energy needs, all essential nutrients should be present in the correct amounts relative to the energy (joules or calories) in a complete and balanced food. Prepared pet food that is complete and balanced will have a statement on its label advising this fact.   Are there risks with home prepared food?   Some pet owners may choose to prepare at least some of their pet's meals themselves. However, as dogs and cats have different nutritional needs than do people, home prepared pet feeding requires a thorough understanding of the specific nutritional needs of the cat or dog, the nutritive value of different food types, dietary interactions and methods of preparation and storage which may affect the availability of individual nutrients.
  For example, if the calcium level in pet food is too high or too low, it may adversely affect the health of the pet. Similarly, mismanaged fat intake can result in health issues such as pancreatic problems. In fact, a 2013 study conducted by a team of researchers at the University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine found that a vast majority of homemade recipes are lacking in nutrition. Researchers analysed 200 different recipes for home-prepared dog food, using recipes from different websites, veterinary textbooks and pet care books. The results showed that 95 percent of the recipes were deficient in at least one essential nutrient and 84 percent were lacking in multiple required nutrients.   Additionally, improperly formulated or under-cooked pet food could become contaminated with bacteria such as E. coli or Salmonella which can make your pet sick. Pet food manufacturers have safeguards in place throughout the manufacturing process to prevent such problems.     In summary   Commercially prepared pet food offers a wide variety of quality food to deliver all the important aspects of a balanced diet: nutrition, palatability, value, digestibility, sustainability, safety and convenience. They also offer variety while maintaining consistency of feeding, making prepared pet food an ideal way to feed your pet.   Source: FEDIAF