02/09/2026

Hydrolyzed Proteins: What They Are and How They Act in the Management of Food Sensitivities and Chronic Enteropathies

From Ingredient Selection to Molecular Bioavailability
In recent years, the quality standards of foods intended for dogs and cats have undergone changes and redefinitions. While for decades, one of the most attractive aspects of commercial diets was the use of premium meats or exotic protein sources, the current focus has shifted toward the nutrients present in each ingredient and their bioavailability within the diet. 
  Advances in animal nutrition studies have encouraged a more precise and effective approach, based on the principle that animals do not require specific ingredients, but rather essential nutrients in adequate amounts. This redefinition in ingredient selection represents a movement toward maximizing nutritional efficiency, with a focus on greater nutrient bioavailability, contributing to the health and well-being of companion animals.
Why Protein Size Matters
The molecular structure of food is important because the immune system interacts with dietary proteins through the recognition of epitopes—mechanisms that are still not fully understood—formed by specific amino acid sequences present on the surface of large polypeptides. In sensitized animals, these proteins may bind to immunoglobulin E present on the surface of mast cells, triggering a cascade of inflammatory mediators that results in the clinical signs of adverse food reactions, such as intense pruritus and gastrointestinal alterations.

For a long time, the strategy used to address this condition was the search for different proteins, derived from novel sources to which animals had not yet been exposed and, therefore, would have a lower probability of previous sensitization. However, ensuring this 'novelty' and the constant risk of cross-contamination make this approach increasingly difficult and less reliable, being effective only in some cases.

Hydrolysis: The 'Molecular Disguise' of Proteins
Advances in animal nutrition have prioritized the so-called 'molecular disguise' of conventional proteins through partial or extensive enzymatic hydrolysis, which essentially is the structural modification of proteins through hydrolysis.

The hydrolysis process promotes the breakdown of intact proteins, generally with molecular weights between 15 and 70 kDa, into small peptides and free amino acids, reducing their molecular weight to values below the threshold of immune recognition. In this way, the antigenic 'target' of immunoglobulins is minimized without significantly altering the nutritional value of food.

For a protein source to be considered hydrolyzed and effective in the management of food allergies, most of its peptides should have a molecular mass below 10 kDa, with the presence of much smaller protein fractions (below 500 Da) being common. Recent characterizations illustrate the precision and efficiency of modern processes, demonstrating that several protein ingredients—from both animal and plant origins—can achieve molecular profiles with a low probability of detection by the immune system.
Hypoallergenic and Anallergenic Diets
This has opened the opportunity for the development of hypoallergenic diets, characterized by being composed of few ingredients and often by a single protein source subjected to partial or total hydrolysis before being included in the formulation. These diets are characterized by adequate digestibility, reduced allergenic potential, and a good amino acid balance, with high bioavailability of essential amino acids.

In addition, there are purified diets, also known as anallergenic diets, in which the protein is supplied with an extremely high degree of hydrolysis, resulting in very small peptides that are practically undetectable by the immune system. Hydrolyzed diets, therefore, offer advantages for patients with deficiencies in protein digestion mechanisms or for those affected by enteropathies responsive to intact dietary proteins.
Chronic Enteropathies and Nutritional Support
Patients with chronic enteropathies present a group of gastrointestinal conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent signs, such as diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, changes in fecal quality, and reduced intestinal absorptive capacity. In these cases, the intestinal mucosa may present prolonged inflammation, alterations in the intestinal barrier, dysbiosis, and compromised villi, which are essential structures for adequate nutrient utilization. These patients often represent a major challenge for their owners and the veterinary team, and their quality of life may be significantly compromised when effective therapeutic strategies are not established.

The advent of diets containing hydrolyzed or extensively hydrolyzed proteins represents a milestone in companion animal nutrition. These formulations are fundamental for the recovery and quality of life of patients affected by inflammatory bowel disease or other digestive disorders related to dietary proteins, as they allow the restoration of digestive function, adequate amino acid absorption, and tissue recovery, favoring weight gain, maintenance of muscle mass, and remission of clinical signs.
Clinical Applications and Perspectives
In dogs with food-responsive diarrhea, hydrolyzed diets frequently promote rapid resolution of clinical signs as they are both diagnostic and therapeutic tools in cases of food allergy. In dogs with more complex conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, the use of hydrolyzed proteins is essential to minimize the development of sensitization to new dietary antigens.

The supply of 'pre-digested' peptides helps reduce the antigenic load of the diet while maintaining the animal's nutritional support, and providing the energy required for tissue repair processes. Recent studies have also explored the use of hydrolyzed proteins derived from poultry liver, feathers, viscera, fish, beef, and insects to improve fecal quality and modulate intestinal fermentation in dogs, highlighting the versatility of these protein sources in clinical settings.
Conclusion
The transition from an ingredient-focused approach to one centered on molecular bioavailability defines modern companion animal nutrition. As our understanding of the pathophysiology of disorders affecting dogs and cats deepens, the selection of raw materials will continue to be evaluated based on their effective contribution to metabolic health.

This shift is not limited to the prevention of food allergies but seeks to optimize nutrient utilization by animals. By prioritizing adequate molecular weight, high digestibility, and modulation of the intestinal environment, the industry develops solutions that translate directly into improved quality of life for patients. The true indicator of quality lies in the ability to provide nutrients in a bioavailable, safe, and consistent way, allowing the survival of patients who previously had limitations almost incompatible with life. By Paula K. Velho¹, Gustavo de A. Fusquine¹, Laura S. de Freitas¹, Eduarda B. F. de Oliveira¹, Luciano Trevizan¹
Source: All Pet Food Magazine

¹GENAC – Grupo de Estudos em Nutrição de Animais de Companhia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
  References
FASCETTI, Andrea J. et al. (Ed.). Applied veterinary clinical nutrition. 2012.
MARTELLO, Elisa et al. Liquid Hydrolyzed Fish Protein (Anchovy) in the Canine Diet: A Focus on Gut Fermentation and Fecal Quality. Veterinary Sciences, v. 12, n. 8, p. 779, 2025. DOI: 10.3390/ vetsci12080779.
MARTÍNEZ-LÓPEZ, Lina María et al. Effect of sequentially fed high protein, hydrolyzed protein, and high fiber diets on the fecal microbiota of healthy dogs: a cross-over study. Animal microbiome, v. 3, n. 1, p. 42, 2021. DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00101-8.
PINTO, Caroline Fredrich Dourado et al. Hydrolyzed chicken liver used as single source of animal protein in diet and its effect on cytokines, immunoglobulins, and fecal microbiota profile of adult dogs. PLoS One, v. 17, n. 7, sk, 2022. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271932.
PINTO, Caroline Fredrich Dourado et al. Characterisation of spray dried hydrolysed chicken liver powder: effects on palatability and digestibility when included as single source of animal protein in dog diets. Italian Journal of Animal Science, v. 20, n. 1, p. 2086-2094, 2021. DOI: 10.1080/1828051X.2021.1993091.
PINTO, Caroline FD et al. Effects of hydrolyzed chicken liver on digestibility, fecal and urinary characteristics, and fecal metabolites of adult dogs. Journal of Animal Science, v. 101, p. 1-12, 2023. DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad366.
PINTO, Caroline Fredrich Dourado et al. Effects of diets based on hydrolyzed chicken liver and different protein concentrations on the formation and deamination of biogenic amines and total antioxidant capacity of dogs. Animals, v. 13, n. 16, p. 2578, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/ani13162578
SEZEROTTO, Pamela Prestes et al. Hydrolyzed chicken liver and increasing crude protein levels on palatability, digestibility, and intestinal fermentation products of cats. Journal of Animal Science, v. 103, skaf173, 2025. DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaf173.
 

31/08/2026

Innovative Functional Protein Solutions for the Next Generation of Dry and Wet Pet Food

In addition to being a high-quality protein source, plasma provides highly relevant technological properties for industrial processing. In wet pet food applications, for example, it acts as an excellent binder, emulsifier, and gelling agent, directly contributing to texture, stability, and final product appearance. The pet food industry has used plasma in wet formulations for more than 30 years because of its ability to improve water retention, increase chunk consistency, create improved texture, richer gravies, and provide greater juiciness and cohesion to the food. 

The studies demonstrate that plasma inclusion significantly improves hardness, elasticity, chewiness, and structural integrity in wet pet food chunks. In fish and salmon applications, for example, a linear increase in hardness and consistency was observed as plasma inclusion levels increased, along with better gravy absorption and greater formulation stability. Compared to traditional ingredients such as wheat gluten, egg albumin, carrageenan, and soy protein concentrate, plasma showed an excellent balance between gel strength, emulsification, and water retention. 

Another important aspect is that technological benefits go hand in hand with nutritional improvements. Digestibility studies in cats demonstrated significant improvements in protein, fat, mineral, and energy digestion in diets containing plasma, along with increased palatability. In comparative trials, foods containing plasma were preferred over formulations using wheat gluten and other protein sources, reinforcing plasma's contribution to feed acceptance and the sensory experience for pets. 

In dry pet food, plasma also delivers significant results. Its application in kibble, treats, toppers, snacks, and supplements improves both processing quality and the functional benefits of the final product. During extrusion, plasma contributes to greater kibble durability, reduced fines, improved physical structure, and greater stability in formulas containing high levels of fresh meat. The studies showed that inclusion levels between 2.5% and 5% allowed manufacturers to formulate with higher meat content while maintaining excellent kibble durability and starch gelatinization. 

In addition, plasma offers high solubility and easy incorporation into different formulations, allowing partial replacement of ingredients such as gluten, egg albumin, and gums, providing both economic and technological advantages. In dry dog food, studies also demonstrated improvements in dry matter and protein digestibility, along with a 10–20% reduction in fecal output, indicating better nutrient utilization and improved stool quality. 

Palatability is another major highlight. In comparative studies against spray-dried liver, plasma-containing diets showed a higher consumption ratio in cats when included in extruded formulations. These results indicate that plasma can serve as a highly palatable functional alternative to enhance palatability which may allow alterations in the use of traditional palatants. 

However, plasma benefits extend beyond nutrition and processing. The ingredient contains bioactive functional proteins capable of positively modulating immune and inflammatory responses. Several studies have demonstrated that plasma helps maintain intestinal integrity, reduces mucosal permeability, and contributes to immune balance. Reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, along with increases in IL-10, an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, were observed. These findings indicate improved intestinal barrier function and systemic digestive health support. 

Within this context, new studies related to the intestinal microbiome further reinforce plasma's position as a high-value functional ingredient. In adult dogs fed with extruded diets containing plasma, researchers observed a linear increase in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, important markers of beneficial fermentation and positive intestinal microbiota activity. Increases in beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Catenibacterium, were also observed, along with reductions in metabolites associated with undesirable protein fermentation, indicating a healthier intestinal environment. 

Another relevant finding was the increase in fecal IgA, suggesting improved intestinal immune homeostasis and stronger mucosal immunity. The study concluded that plasma promotes consistent, inclusion-dependent positive responses, contributing to intestinal health, microbiome modulation, and improved protein metabolism efficiency. 

Recent studies have also expanded the potential application of plasma for joint health and mobility formulations targeting senior dogs. In dogs with osteoarthritis fed diets containing 4% plasma, significant improvements in mobility and reductions in lameness scores were observed after 42 days. In addition, plasma reduced inflammatory markers such as IL-1β and increased IL-10, demonstrating a positive effect on the inflammatory response associated with osteoarthritis. 

Supplemented animals also demonstrated greater antioxidant capacity, evidenced by increased SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity and reduced MDA (malondialdehyde) levels, as well as lower levels of MMP-2 and MMP-13, enzymes associated with articular cartilage degradation. At the same time, protein digestibility improved without negatively affecting feed intake or fecal scores. These results demonstrate that plasma can serve as a strategic functional ingredient in senior dog diets, contributing to mobility, joint health, inflammatory control, and antioxidant support. 

Another important ingredient is the spray-dried red blood cells in pet food. Spray-dried red blood cells emerge as a functional solution that combines natural coloration and highly digestible protein in a single ingredient. Their main application is related to creating a natural meat-like color in dry and wet pet foods, helping reduce or eliminate artificial colorants while delivering a more natural and premium appearance to formulations. 

In dry pet food, color intensity progressively increases according to inclusion level, providing kibble with a more meat-like appearance. In pâté-like wet pet food, red blood cells intensify the natural meat appearance and enhance the visual authenticity of the final product. Beyond visual appeal, the ingredient also provides highly digestible protein and an excellent amino acid profile, including high levels of lysine, leucine, and valine. 

Overall, both spray-dried plasma and spray-dried red blood cells represent a new generation of functional ingredients for pet food, capable of combining processing technology, nutritional value, intestinal health, systemic functionality, and premium appeal into a single component. The studies presented reinforce that these ingredients offer complete solutions for the industry, meeting current demands for more functional, natural, efficient formulations aligned with trends in animal health and wellness. By Dr. Joy Campbell, Senior Director of Global Pet Food Technical Services, APC
Source: All Pet Food Magazine

05/10/2026

Plant-Based Phosphatidylcholine: A Natural Alternative to Choline Chloride in Dog and Cat Food

Plant-Based Sources: A Growing Alternative
Despite its nutritional effectiveness, choline chloride presents several technological limitations. It is a highly hygroscopic compound that promotes the degradation of water-soluble vitamins in premixes, as increased free moisture enhances its reactive potential (FARINA et al., 2017). Its use may also contribute to caking, compromising mix homogeneity and potentially leading to nutrient losses (LISBOA et al., 2014).

In response to these challenges, plant-based sources of choline have attracted growing interest in canine and feline nutrition. Phosphatidylcholine is the primary form of choline found in plant-derived raw materials (National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, 2008) and has emerged as a potential alternative to choline chloride in dog and cat food formulations.
Phosphatidylcholine: Differences in Absorption and Metabolism
Beyond its technological advantages, the chemical form of choline may influence its absorption and utilization. When consumed in its free form or as a salt, such as choline chloride, its utilization may be limited since approximately two-thirds of ingested choline can be converted into trimethylamine by the intestinal microbiota before it is absorbed, potentially reducing its biological availability (LEESON; SUMMERS, 2001; COMBS JR., 2008; RUTZ, 2008).

Phosphatidylcholine, however, behaves differently in the gastrointestinal tract. Although it undergoes partial digestion by digestive enzymes, part of the molecule can also be absorbed without alteration, reducing its exposure to microbial metabolism in the intestine (COMBS JR., 2008). This characteristic may improve the body's utilization of choline, making plant-based choline sources an attractive alternative for supplementation.

In recent years, several studies have investigated the feasibility and safety of replacing choline chloride with plant-based choline sources in canine nutrition.
Scientific Evidence in Dogs: Safety and Effectiveness of Replacement
Nascimento (2020) evaluated healthy adult dogs fed with diets containing either 0.28% choline chloride or 0.14% plant-based choline. The results showed that replacing choline chloride did not affect nutrient digestibility, palatability, or fecal characteristics. In addition, dogs receiving the plant-based choline source exhibited lower serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as lower liver enzyme markers, suggesting additional benefits for lipid metabolism and liver health.
  Mendoza-Martínez et al. (2021) also investigated whether dietary supplementation with choline derived from herbal sources, including Azadirachta indica—a plant known for its bitter taste—could interfere with diet palatability. Results demonstrated that including up to 400 mg/kg of plant-based choline did not affect food preference, nutrient digestibility, or fecal quality in dogs.

The same research group later demonstrated that supplementing diets with phosphatidylcholine (1.6%) and other methylated metabolites can completely replace choline chloride in dog diets (Mendoza-Martínez et al., 2022). The researchers adopted the conversion ratio proposed by Mallo and Paolella (2017), which states that one unit of plant-based choline can replace approximately five units of choline chloride.

More recently, FINARDI et al. (2026) evaluated the effects of the complete replacement of choline chloride with plant-based choline (CHOLMAX) in healthy adult dogs. The study compared a control diet containing choline chloride with two plant-based choline diets at different inclusion levels. The results showed that replacing choline chloride did not affect nutrient digestibility or diet palatability. Likewise, no changes were observed in intestinal fermentation metabolites or fecal microbiota diversity indices. However, intestinal microbial composition varied among diets, with changes observed at the phylum, family, and genus levels, particularly among Firmicutes, a group associated with fatty acid production and intestinal health. The authors concluded that plant-based choline is a safe and promising alternative for use in dog food.
New Perspectives for Feline Nutrition and the Pet Food Industry
In a pioneering study involving healthy adult cats, Juárez (unpublished data, 2026) evaluated three experimental diets: a control diet containing choline chloride, a diet in which choline chloride was completely replaced by plant-based choline (CHOLMAX), and a third diet containing 50% more plant-based choline (CHOLMAX) than the replacement diet. Preliminary results showed no differences in nutrient digestibility, diet palatability, or intestinal fermentation metabolites. 

On the other hand, changes were observed in the composition of the intestinal microbiota among treatments, including shifts in bacterial phyla, families, and genera. Among the findings, a reduction in the genus Helicobacter was observed in the groups receiving plant-based choline. According to Cesar (2024), certain species within this genus have been associated with inflammatory processes in the feline gastrointestinal tract. Although additional research is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms, these findings suggest that plant-based choline may have a beneficial effect on maintaining intestinal microbiota balance in cats.

Plant-based choline therefore represents an attractive alternative for the pet food industry, combining technological and nutritional advantages. In addition to minimizing the technological challenges associated with choline chloride, plant-derived sources have demonstrated the potential to maintain nutritional performance while supporting animal health.

As demand continues to grow for naturally sourced ingredients and technologies that add value to pet food formulations, plant-based choline is emerging as a promising solution for the industry, combining technological, nutritional, and potentially functional benefits for dog and cat food. By Erika Stasieniuk and Hebert Silveira
Source: All Pet Food Magazine

About the authors
**Erika Stasieniuk is a zootechnician with a doctorate in canine and feline nutrition from UFMG. Holding more than 16 years of experience in dog and cat nutrition, she works in Research and Development, food formulation, premixes and nuclei. She is the founder of SFA Consultoria and works as technical consultant in the development of pet food and ingredients. Contact: erika_stasieniuk@sfa-consultoria.com | Instagram: @erikastasieniuk

***Hebert Silveira is agronomist with a doctorate in Animal Nutrition from Universidad de Lavras (UFLA). He is Technical Director at Natural BR Feed. Contact hebertsilveira@naturalbrfeed.com.br
References
 BERTECHINI, A. G. Nutrición de los monogástricos. 2. ed. Lavras: Editora UFLA, 2013.
CESAR, C. G. L. Efectos de la inclusión de harina de insectos en la comida seca completa sobre variables de procesamiento, digestibilidad, palatabilidad, productos de la fermentación fecal y microbiota de gatos adultos. Tesis (Máster en Nutrición y Producción Animal) – Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Ciencias Animales, Universidad de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2024.
COMBS JR., G. F. Las vitaminas: aspectos fundamentales en nutrición y salud. 3ª ed. Burlington: Elsevier Academic Press, 2008.
FARINA, G.; KESSLER, A. M.; MAIORKA, A.; ROCHA, C. S. S.; VASCONCELLOS, R. S. Aspectos tecnológicos del uso del cloruro de colina en premezclas vitamínicas. En: SIMPOSIO SOBRE NUTRICIÓN DE PERROS Y GATOS, 2017.
FERREIRA, W. M.; NETO, A. F. G. Nutrición animal: temas avanzados. Belo Horizonte: FEPMVZ Editora, 2003.
FINARDI, G. L. F.; MARCHI, P. H.; SOUZA, J. M.; DIAS, L. S.; STASIENIUK, E. V. Z.; SILVEIRA, H.; BALIEIRO, J. C. C.; VENDRAMINI, T. H. A. Efectos de la inclusión de colina de origen vegetal sobre variables digestivas, hepáticas, lípidas, fermentativas, microbiota fecal y palatabilidad en perros adultos. En: CONGRESSO CBNA PET, 25 de 2026, São Paulo. Anales... São Paulo: CBNA, 2026.
JUÁREZ, L. Efectos de la inclusión de colina de origen vegetal sobre las variables digestivas, hepáticas, lipídicas y fermentativas, la microbiota fecal y sérica y la palatabilidad de gatos adultos. Tesis (Máster en Nutrición y Producción Animal) – Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Ciencias Animales, Universidad de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2026. Datos no publicados.
LEESON, S.; SUMMERS, J. D. Nutrición del pollo por parte de Scott. 4. ed. Guelph: University Books, 2001.
LISBOA, M. M.; ALBINO, L. F. T.; ROSTAGNO, H. S. Aspectos tecnológicos relacionados con el uso de cloruro de colina en premezclas vitamínicas. Revista Eletrônica Nutritime, v. 11, n. 4, p. 3607-3615, 2014.
MALLO, JUEZ JUEZ; PAOLELLA, M. Suplementación con colina en la nutrición de mascotas: fuentes herbales como alternativa al cloruro de colina. En: PETFOOD FORUM, 2017.
MENDOZA-MARTÍNEZ, G. D.; HERNÁNDEZ-MARTÍNEZ, C. A.; MARTÍNEZ-AYALA, A. L.; y demás. Efecto de la inclusión de fosfatidilcolina herbal en la palatabilidad, digestibilidad y energía metabolizable de la dieta en perros. Austral Journal of Veterinary Sciences, vol. 53, p. 161-167, 2021.
MENDOZA-MARTÍNEZ, G. D. et al. Colina herbal como sustituto del cloruro de colina en los alimentos para perros: efectos sobre la digestibilidad, los rasgos fecales y la palatabilidad. Animales, v. 12, n. 9, 2022.
NASCIMENTO, R. C. Evaluación de una fuente herbal de colina como alternativa al cloruro de colina en la dieta de perros. Tesis doctoral (Máster en Ciencias Animales) – Universidad Federal de Paraná, Curitiba, 2020.
DEPARTAMENTO DE AGRICULTURA DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS (USDA). Base de Datos Nacional de Nutrientes para Referencia Estándar. Lanzamiento 21. Beltsville, 2008.
RUTZ, F. La colina y sus metabolitos en la nutrición animal. En: SIMPOSIO INTERNACIONAL DE ACAV SOBRE NUTRICIÓN, 2008.

By Erika Stasieniuk

22/09/2026

Pet Nutrition Mythbusters: Carbohydrate and Plant-Based Ingredients Edition  

From marketing trends to ingredient misconceptions, conversations about carbohydrates are often shaped by oversimplified narratives rather than the nutritional role these ingredients play.
  No minimum dietary requirement for carbohydrate has been established for adult dogs or cats. However, they can provide valuable nutritional and functional benefits when appropriately incorporated into a formulation.
  This article addresses some of the most common carbohydrate-related misconceptions and controversies influencing product development, marketing strategies, and consumer perception today.   Myth #1: Corn, Wheat, and Soy Are Bad for My Pet
Corn, wheat, and soy are frequently viewed as low-quality ingredients or 'fillers' in pet food. In reality, these ingredients can be highly digestible sources of nutrients that can contribute to the overall balanced nutrition of a formula.
  Concerns about corn, wheat, and soy often stem from the perception that they commonly cause food allergies in pets. However, true food allergies are relatively uncommon in dogs and cats, making allergies to these specific ingredients even rarer. These ingredients contribute important nutrients, including carbohydrates, fiber, essential fatty acids, and B vitamins, to complete and balanced diets.
  Ingredient quality should be evaluated based on nutrient contribution, digestibility, sourcing, and formulation context—not whether an ingredient is familiar or frequently discussed online.   Myth #2: Brown Rice Is Always Better Than White Rice
Brown rice is often perceived as a superior carbohydrate source because it is less processed and contains more fiber. Neither brown nor white rice is inherently superior. especially in every formulation; their suitability depends on the desired nutrient profile, processing characteristics, digestibility, and intended animal population.
  Both brown and white rice can be highly digestible carbohydrate sources commonly used in pet diets. Brown rice is rich in fiber, which can help a pet feel fuller, but also contains higher levels of phytic acid, which can bind minerals and reduce their bioavailability. However, this can be reduced when cooked appropriately, making it safe for humans and pets to consume. On the other hand, white rice has lower fiber content and can be digested quickly, which can be helpful for pets with sensitive stomach issues, but may also leave pets feeling hungry shortly after eating.
  These considerations highlight why carbohydrate sources should be evaluated based on the needs of the formulation and the pet, rather than being vilified or favored based on a single characteristic.   Myth #3: Legumes and Pulses Are Harmful Ingredients in Pet Food
Legumes and pulses have received significant attention because of concerns about grain-free diets and diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs. However, current evidence does not demonstrate a causality that legumes and/or pulses themselves cause DCM in dogs.
  Legumes, such as peas and lentils, provide digestible protein and contribute essential nutrients when included in complete and balanced diets. In addition to protein, legumes and pulses are sources of soluble and fermentable fibers that support digestive health by providing substrates for beneficial gut bacteria.
  As with any ingredient, the entire diet matrix and processing method must be considered to create nutritionally balanced meals for pets.   Myth #4: Potatoes, Tapioca, Cellulose, Brewer's Rice, and Beet Pulp Are Just 'Fillers'
While there is no legal definition, the term 'filler' is sometimes used to describe ingredients perceived to have no nutritional value. However, 'filler' has morphed to encompass carbohydrates, fibers, and starch ingredients, which is a large group of ingredients that indeed do provide nutritional value to a formula.
  Potatoes, tapioca, and brewer's rice an provide highly digestible carbohydrates and energy, while also contributing to the texture and structure of pet foods during processing. Functional fibers such as cellulose and beet pulp can contribute to stool quality and support gastrointestinal function.
  The role of an ingredient should therefore be considered in the context of the overall formulation. Despite being grouped into a non-regulated category that is synonymous with no nutritional value, carbohydrates, fibers, and even starches provide nutritional and functional value to each formula.   Myth #5: Pumpkin Is the Best Fiber Source for Digestive Health
Pumpkin has become a popular recommendation for digestive issues, often viewed as a universal solution for stool quality concerns. While pumpkin can provide dietary fiber, there is no single fiber source that is universally 'best' for every pet or digestive concern.
  Pumpkin contains both soluble and insoluble fibers. Insoluble fiber contributes bulk to stool, while soluble fiber helps regulate water movement within the digestive tract. However, pumpkin has a high moisture content, so more is needed to get the same amount of fiber as from more fiber-dense ingredients. Canned pumpkin is approximately 90% moisture, which reduces its fiber density. Additionally, pumpkin's fiber content can vary based on multiple factors such as plant variety, climate, and growing conditions.
  Different fiber sources have distinctive characteristics, including their ability to influence stool bulk and water balance. Therefore, the appropriate fiber source and amount depend on the individual animal and the specific nutritional or physiological needs.
  Furthermore, adding in extra calories can put a pet at unintended weight gain and can unbalance the diet. Pets experiencing persistent diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, pain, or other gastrointestinal signs should be evaluated by a veterinarian rather than managed through a generalized recommendation to add pumpkin.   What Matters Most in Pet Nutrition
Amid these carbohydrate misconceptions, several principles consistently define effective pet food formulation:
  Complete and balanced nutrition: Providing essential nutrients, including amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, while appropriately balancing dietary components such as carbohydrates, fiber, and energy density.
  Ingredient functionality and digestibility: Selecting ingredients based on their nutritional contribution, bioavailability, and role within the overall formulation.
  Ingredient interactions and formulation: Considering how ingredients work together within a diet matrix, as the nutritional and functional effects of an individual ingredient can depend on its inclusion level, interactions with other ingredients, and the overall formulation.
  Processing and manufacturing: Considering how processing methods affect ingredient functionality, nutrient availability, digestibility, texture, and the characteristics of the finished product.
  Science-backed nutrition: Evaluating ingredients and formulation decisions based on research and nutritional requirements rather than marketing trends or consumer perceptions.
  At BSM Partners, we help brands navigate nutrition misconceptions and develop science-based formulations. By translating nutritional research into practical formulation strategies, our team creates products that are both scientifically supported and aligned with evolving consumer expectations. Source: BSM Partners

23/02/2026

Study Indicates Good Acceptance of Insect-Based Wet Food by Dogs

Ingredients derived from insects are being explored as alternative sources of protein in pet nutrition. 
  In addition to their functional potential, these raw materials have attracted industry interest due to their versatility in both wet and dry formulations.
  A recent study evaluated the acceptance of wet dog food containing insect-based ingredients marketed under the PureeX and ProteinX brands, developed by Protix. 
  The results indicated that both the all-insect-based diet and the hybrid formulation—combining insects and chicken—were readily consumed by the participating animals.   How the study was conducted
The trial included 170 small and medium-sized dogs, all living in homes. According to the technical summary, these categories were selected because they are often considered more selective with regard to food.
  Two diets were evaluated. The first consisted exclusively of ingredients derived from the black soldier fly larva (Hermetia illucens), combining PureeX — described as a minimally processed ingredient — and ProteinX, an insect meal. 
  The second was a hybrid formulation that combined the same insect ingredients with fresh chicken.
  Each caregiver offered one of the diets for two consecutive days and then switched to the other formula for another two days. 
  During the testing period, participants were not informed about the composition of the products.
  At the end of each stage, those in charge evaluated the dogs' consumption. According to the report, both formulations were considered highly acceptable, with no statistically significant difference in intake between the 100% insect diet and the hybrid diet.   Behavioral assessment and sensory perception
In addition to the volume consumed, the study analyzed the dogs' behavior before, during, and after meals. 
  Among the responses associated with positive acceptance were wagging the tail before the food was offered, consuming the entire portion, and licking the lips after the meal. These behaviors were recorded in both diets.
  Those responsible also evaluated sensory attributes such as texture, aroma, and appearance. Both formulations received an average score of seven, on a scale of zero to ten, for these criteria.
  When asked for a recommendation, 82% said they would recommend a diet entirely based on insects, while 81% said they would recommend a hybrid formulation with chicken.
  According to the manufacturer, PureeX is indicated for use in moist foods and can also be included in dry extruded formulations, being available in fresh and frozen versions. ProteinX, on the other hand, is marketed as a protein ingredient in flour form.   Alternative protein on the rise
Insect proteins have been studied as alternatives to traditional sources, with the potential to contribute to formulations seeking ingredient diversification. 
  In addition to nutritional profile, manufacturers highlight functional and sustainability aspects as differentiating factors of this type of raw material.   FAQ about wet food with insect protein
Do dogs readily accept food containing insect protein?
According to the study, both the 100% insect formulation and the hybrid with chicken were readily consumed.
Was there a difference in consumption between the diets tested?
No. The report indicates that no significant difference in intake was observed.
  Can insect protein replace traditional proteins?
It is being studied as an alternative source, but the choice of diet should always be made in consultation with a veterinarian. Source: Cães & Gatos

13/02/2026

Tebrio boosts B Corp certification score to 96 points, up 11 from 2022

Salamanca, February 4, 2026- Tebrio, pioneering Spanish biotechnology company specializing in the comprehensive utilization of the Tenebrio molitor insect to produce sustainable natural ingredients, has achieved its B Corp recertification after successfully completing the rigorous social, environmental, and governance impact assessment conducted by the international organization B Lab.

With this recognition, Tebrio solidifies its position within a global community of 10,000 companies that meet high standards of social and environmental impact and share a common purpose: harnessing the power of business to drive positive change in the world. It has done so by exceeding its initial 2022 certification score by 11 points, reaching 96.1 points, more than 15 points above the 80 required for certification.

During this process, B Lab particularly recognized the company's responsible governance, commitment to the circular economy, ethical resource management, and contribution to social and economic development in rural areas. Since its first certification in 2022, Tebrio has continued to advance in integrating people-focused well-being policies, environmental efficiency, and transparency across its entire value chain.

Adriana Casillas, CEO and co-founder of Tebrio, emphasizes: "This recertification is much more than a certification: it is confirmation that we are building an industrial model committed to transparency, equity, and resilience. Being a B Corp means growing responsibly, grounding every advancement in a shared purpose: generating positive and lasting impact."   A Purpose-Driven Business Model   Since its founding, Tebrio has placed sustainability and responsible innovation at the core of its corporate strategy. Its production model is based on circular economy principles, transforming agricultural by-products into ingredients for applications in animal nutrition, regenerative agriculture, cosmetics, and green biotechnology.

This philosophy translates into a genuine commitment to rural areas and the transition to a fairer economy. The company promotes local talent development, fosters diversity within its workforce, and maintains business practices aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).   A recognition that drives continuous improvement   Renewing B Corp certification is not an endpoint, but a commitment to ongoing transformation. Tebrio will continue advancing its sustainability strategy through progressive carbon footprint reduction, exclusive use of renewable energy, promotion of skilled rural employment, equal opportunities, team well-being, and transparency via externally verified impact reports.

This long-term vision reaffirms Tebrio's ambition to be a global benchmark in sustainable bioeconomy, where innovation and purpose integrate into every decision. The Salamanca-based company is currently immersed in building :oFarm, its innovative 100,000 m² industrial plant dedicated to the full production of protein and organic fertilizers from the Tenebrio molitor insect. Source: Tebrio
About B Corp Companies B Corp companies form part of a global community of 10,000 businesses that meet high standards of social impact, environmental performance, transparency, and governance, as verified by B Lab.

In Spain, 300 companies use the B Impact Assessment and collectively generate €12.34 billion in aggregated revenue, including food sector leaders like Danone and Hijos de Rivera, fashion brands such as ECOALF, Camper, and Patagonia, and banking institutions like Triodos Bank and imagin.

All share a common vision: redefining business success by measuring progress through their contribution to the well-being of people and the planet. Tebrio's B Corp certification also underscores its commitment to JEDI principles (Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion), fully integrated into its management model and organizational culture.


About Tebrio and o:Farm Tebrio is a biotechnology company headquartered in Salamanca, a global pioneer in the industrial breeding of Tenebrio molitor and the development of sustainable natural ingredients. Founded in 2014, its business model is grounded in the circular economy and innovation applied to sectors such as agriculture, food, and green biotechnology. Tebrio is currently advancing the construction of :oFarm, its industrial plant that will operate on 100% renewable energy from its own solar panels, reinforcing its commitment to sustainable biotechnological production. Press Contact José Ángel Sanz – Head of Communications joseangel.sanz@tebrio.com Phone: +34 601 900 144 contact@tebrio.com Phone: +34 923 048 049 http://www.tebrio.com

02/08/2024

Category 3 Animal Fat - an important Pet Food Ingredient

Animal by-products (ABPs) Animal by-products (ABPs) are materials of animal origin that people do not consume. When they do not enter the human food chain, in Europe, animal by-products are classified into three categories: Category 1, Category 2 and Category 3 depending on the source of the raw material and the intended use[i]. The pet food industry can only use Category 3 ABPs.   Category 3 ABPs are from animals declared fit for human consumption. These are ideal pet food ingredients due to their high nutritional and energetic value and should be used in the best possible way to preserve resources. Category 1 and 2 animal fats are forbidden for animal feeding for safety reasons but allowed for biofuel production.   The Vital role of Category 3 animal fats in Pet Food Category 3 animal fats are essential raw materials for our pets' diets. They provide a source of energy and palatability but above all essential fatty acids. They are subject to strict requirements on sourcing and collecting, animal origin materials processing, and control. Category 3 animal fats cannot be easily replaced as a pet food ingredient.   The EU & The Pet Food Industry's Waste Hierarchy FEDIAF firmly believes that food, such as Category 3 animal fats, which is not intended for human consumption, should be repurposed according to the food waste hierarchy, i.e.:  pet food (re-use animal feed) rather than energy (recovery) as indicated below[ii].  This sits well above energy use in the EU's own hierarchy of most-preferable options for food waste disposal.     The Pet Food Industry and the Future Unfortunately, there is increasing pressure due to Category 3 animal fats being used in other sectors such as biofuels, which are much lower in terms of waste hierarchy.  The Pet Food Industry will continue to communicate the importance of Category 3 animal fats in pet food. They are vital ingredients, which contribute to our circular business model and they cannot easily be replaced.   Source: FEDIAF

14/12/2023

Innovative FEED Act introduced in US House of Representatives

The Innovative Feed Enhancement and Economic Development (Innovative FEED) Act was introduced into the U.S. House of Representatives on December 7, a step toward establishing a regulatory pathway for a new category of animal feed additives. The bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate in June. The Innovative FEED Act would amend the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act to allow for a new category of animal food substances that act solely within animals' gut microbiomes or in the feed they are digesting to provide a wide range of benefits, giving the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the power it needs to ensure regulations keep pace with scientific innovation in feed, the American Feed Industry Association (AFIA) said in a press release. 'The AFIA is excited that the Senate has already introduced the Innovative FEED Act and now, with the House introduction, the bill has the bipartisan and bicameral support we hoped for,' AFIA President and CEO Constance Cullman said. 'Now, we urge Congress to act quickly on the bill. The legislation will be the spark needed to drive nutritional innovation that improves animal health and production while addressing public health challenges. We need this modernized regulatory oversight instead of the current policy of overregulation. Any delay in enacting this legislation continues to put U.S. agriculture at a disadvantage compared to our global counterparts whose regulatory systems have evolved with the times.' The FDA's Center of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) regulates animal foods with drug claims, including environmental benefit or production claims and claims about the effects on the animal's microbiome. Many in the animal feed industry agree CVM's regulations are overly burdensome and that some rules are inconsistent and arbitrary, and that they put U.S. companies at a competitive disadvantage. They also say the regulations put U.S. dairy and beef producers at a disadvantage because they don't have broad access to these methane-reducing feed additives. Dozens of countries have already safely approved and started using these feed ingredients on farms, resulting in improved animal production, well-being, reduced pre-harvest food safety concerns, and a smaller environmental footprint, AFIA said. 'Competent authorities of our global competitors in Europe, Asia and South America already have updated their policies to allow feed products on the market that demonstrate increased efficiency in meat production as well as byproduct and waste reduction,' said David Fairfield, senior vice president of feed at the National Grain and Feed Association, in a statement. 'To compete in the global market, farmers and ranchers in the United States need access to innovative zootechnical animal food substances to improve animal production and well-being, diminish pre-harvest food safety concerns, and boost sustainability opportunities.' The AFIA has urged the FDA to modernize its outdated 1998 Policy and Procedures Manual Guide 1240.3605, which has hindered animal food manufacturers from clearly indicating non-nutritive benefits on labels without navigating the FDA's arduous drug approval process. There is a wide range of feed additives that have been shown to reduce enteric methane emissions by between 2% and 12% per year. These include seaweed, fatty acids, 3-Nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), oregano, tannins, nitrate, biochar, cinnamon, garlic and saponins. 'These ingredients have novel benefits that make a positive impact on our food production system, such as improving feed efficiency and reducing human foodborne illness," Fairfield said. "This legislation would provide food manufacturers with a pathway to make truthful, non-misleading production, environmental and well-being claims for animal foods that have been substantiated to provide such benefits more efficiently.' The Innovative FEED Act will bring about the necessary changes to ensure these additives are reviewed for safety and effectiveness as food additives, not drugs, and can more quickly come to market for U.S. farmers and ranchers to choose to use, AFIA said.  By AFIA Source . All Pet Food