14/07/2026

Rethinking Protein in Pet Nutrition: From Traditional Sources to Alternative and Functional Proteins

In recent years, however, the discussion around protein has expanded significantly. Terms such as 'alternative proteins', 'novel proteins', and 'functional proteins' are increasingly used across the food and pet food industries. Much of this interest is driven by sustainability concerns and projections that global demand for protein will increase substantially as the human population approaches 10 billion by 2050 (FAO, 2022; OECD-FAO, 2023).
  This raises an important question: do we truly need entirely new protein sources to feed our pets, or should we focus on improving how we utilize the protein sources we already have?
  The answer likely lies somewhere in between. Traditional protein sources remain nutritionally robust, while emerging technologies and alternative ingredients offer opportunities to improve sustainability, functionality, and health outcomes—including effects on the gut microbiome.
Global Protein Demand and the Sustainability Debate   Projections toward 2050 suggest that global protein demand will rise sharply as the world population approaches 10 billion, with food demand expected to increase by about 60% (FAO 2018; FAO 2022; Henchion et al., 2017). At the same time, the global pet population continues to expand, with an estimated 900 million dogs and cats worldwide. Approximately 60% of these animals are concentrated in Europe, the United States, China, and Brazil.
  These trends have raised concerns about whether traditional livestock production alone can meet future protein needs. Critics often argue that feeding animal-derived proteins to pets competes with the human food supply and contributes to environmental pressures, such as land use, greenhouse gas emissions, and water consumption.
  However, the picture is more nuanced. A significant portion of animal-derived ingredients used in pet foods originates from rendered co-products of the human food system, including organ meats, trimmings, and fish processing residues. These ingredients represent an efficient form of nutrient recycling within the food supply chain (Boland et al., 2013).
  Advances in food processing technologies are also improving nutrient utilization, enabling greater recovery of proteins, peptides, and bioactive compounds from raw materials and by-products (Yuan et al., 2025). Improving how proteins are processed and utilized may therefore be as important as identifying entirely new protein sources.   Protein Requirements in Dogs and Cats   Protein requirements in companion animals are well established through decades of nutritional research. According to AAFCO guidelines (AAFCO 2026), the minimum protein requirement for adult dogs is approximately 18% on a dry matter basis, while growing puppies require 22.5%. Cats, as obligate carnivores, require higher protein intake, with minimum levels of 26% dry matter.
  In commercial diets, however, protein levels are typically higher. Many dry dog foods contain 22–32% protein, while cat foods often range from 30–40% protein. These levels reflect both nutritional needs and consumer expectations, as protein content has increasingly become associated with perceived diet quality.   Traditional Protein Sources: Still the Foundation   Animal-derived proteins remain central to pet nutrition because of their balanced amino acid profiles and high digestibility. Common ingredients include chicken meals, beef and lamb meals, fish meals, fish protein concentrations, and meat or organ by-products. These ingredients supply essential amino acids, such as lysine, methionine, and taurine and typically exhibit digestibility values around 85–90%, although digestibility can vary depending on the specific ingredient and processing conditions.
  Plant proteins also play a significant role in modern formulations. Ingredients such as soybean meals, pea protein, lentils, and chickpeas contribute valuable amino acids while offering flexibility and cost efficiency in formulation.
  Recent innovations in food processing have further improved plant protein functionality. Technologies such as fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis, and advanced milling can increase digestibility while reducing anti-nutritional factors such as lectins and protease inhibitors (Yuan et al., 2025).
  These developments highlight an important point: innovation does not always require entirely new ingredients—sometimes it involves improving how existing ingredients are processed and utilized.   The Rise of Fresh and Minimally Processed Meat Ingredients   Over the past decade, the use of fresh meat or poultry has expanded significantly in dry pet food formulations. Many premium kibble products now incorporate fresh chicken, beef, or fish as part of their protein systems.
  In many cases, these fresh ingredients originate from mechanically deboned meat (MDM) or automated meat recovery (AMR) processes, which efficiently recover edible muscle tissue from carcasses after primary cuts have been removed. These ingredients provide highly digestible protein while improving palatability and consumer perception.
  Marketing narratives around 'fresh' ingredients have also been reinforced by the rapid growth of fresh and lightly cooked pet food formats. The fresh pet food market in the United States alone is estimated to exceed USD 3 billion and continues to grow (Packaged Facts, 2023). This trend illustrates how consumer expectations increasingly influence ingredient selection and processing strategies in the pet food industry.   The Rise of Alternative Proteins   While traditional proteins remain dominant, several emerging protein technologies are gaining attention.
  Insect Proteins
Insects, such as black soldier fly larvae, mealworms, and crickets are being explored as sustainable protein sources. Insect meals typically contain 40–65% protein and can be produced using relatively small amounts of land and water compared with conventional livestock production (van Huis, 2021).
  Insect proteins may contain bioactive compounds such as antimicrobial peptides and chitin that could influence immune function and gut health (Gasco et al., 2020). However, scaling production and achieving widespread consumer acceptance remain challenges.   Fermentation-Derived Proteins
Fermentation technologies represent another promising pathway. Microbial fermentation can produce single-cell proteins (SCP) using yeast, bacteria, fungi, or microalgae grown on various substrates (Matassa et al., 2016). These proteins can provide favorable amino acid profiles while requiring relatively small land footprints.
  Traditional fermentation methods—such as koji fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae—can also transform plant substrates into more digestible and nutritionally enhanced ingredients (Yuan et al., 2025). Advances in biotechnology now allow engineered microbes to produce specific peptides or proteins with targeted functional properties.   Cell-Cultured Proteins
Cellular agriculture represents one of the most technologically ambitious approaches to protein production. By culturing animal cells in controlled environments, it may eventually be possible to produce meat without traditional livestock production (Post, 2012). Although promising, this technology is still in its early stages—particularly for pet food applications—and faces challenges related to cost, energy use, and regulatory frameworks.   Protein and the Gut Microbiome
One of the most exciting areas linking protein nutrition and health is the gut microbiome.
  The gut microbiota plays a central role in digestion, immune function, and metabolic health in companion animals. Diet composition—including protein source and digestibility—can significantly influence microbial communities in the gastrointestinal tract (Handl et al., 2013).
  Highly digestible proteins reduce the amount of undigested nitrogen reaching the colon, minimizing the production of undesirable fermentation by-products, such as ammonia or biogenic amines.
  Conversely, certain peptides and amino acids may serve as substrates for beneficial microbial populations, contributing to the production of short-chain fatty acids and other metabolites that support intestinal health (Sandri et al., 2017).   Key Takeaways   The conversation around alternative proteins often frames the issue as a replacement of traditional proteins. Actually, the future of protein in pet nutrition will likely be more integrated and from this discussion, several key insights emerge:
  Traditional protein sources remain nutritionally efficient. Animal and plant proteins continue to provide reliable amino acid nutrition and will remain foundational ingredients in pet food.
  Alternative proteins expand the toolbox; insects, microbial fermentation, and cellular agriculture may complement existing protein systems.
  Processing technology and advances in fermentation, enzymatic modification, and ingredient recovery can improve nutrient utilization, reduce anti-nutritional factors, and enhance the functional value of protein ingredients.
  Consumer expectations are reshaping protein systems. The growth of fresh, minimally processed, and high-protein pet foods illustrates how market trends increasingly influence ingredient selection and processing technologies.
  Ultimately, the goal should not be to replace traditional proteins with alternatives but to develop a diverse and efficient protein ecosystem that supports sustainability, nutrition, and pet health. The key question is not only which proteins we choose, but how intelligently we use them. By Juan Gómez-Basauri, Ph.D. - MAGELLAN LLC
Source: All Pet Food Magazine   References
AAFCO 2026. Association of America Feed Control Officials. Official Publication Boland, M., Rae, A., Vereijken, J., Meuwissen, M. P. M., Fischer, A. R. H., van Boekel, M. A. J. S., Rutherfurd, S. M., Gruppen, H., Moughan, P. J., & Hendriks, W. H. (2013). The future supply of animal-derived protein for human consumption. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 29(1), 62-73.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2012.07.002 FAO. 2018. The future of food and agriculture – Alternative pathways to 2050. Summary version. Rome. 60 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i8429en FAO. 2022. The future of food and agriculture – Drivers and triggers for transformation. The Future of Food and Agriculture, no. 3. Rome.https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0959en Gasco, L., Gabriele Acuti, Paolo Bani, Antonella Dalle Zotte, Pier Paolo Danieli, Anna De Angelis, Riccardo Fortina, Rosaria Marino, Giuliana Parisi, Giovanni Piccolo, Luciano Pinotti, Aldo Prandini, Achille Schiavone, Genciana Terova, Francesca Tulli & Alessandra Roncarati (2020) Insect and fish by-products as sustainable alternatives to conventional animal proteins in animal nutrition, Italian Journal of Animal Science, 19:1, 360-372.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1828051x.2020.1743209 Handl S., German AJ, Holden SL, Dowd SE, Steiner JM, Heilmann RM, Grant RW, Swanson KS, Suchodolski JS. Faecal microbiota in lean and obese dogs. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2013 May;84(2):332-43. Epub 2013 Jan 24. PMID: 23301868.https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12067 Henchion, M. Hayes M, Mullen AM, Fenelon M, Tiwari B. Future Protein Supply and Demand: Strategies and Factors Influencing a Sustainable Equilibrium. Foods. 2017 Jul 20;6(7):53.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5532560/ Matassa, S., Boon N, Pikaar I, Verstraete W. Microbial protein: future sustainable food supply route with low environmental footprint. Microb Biotechnol. 2016 Sep;9(5):568-75. Epub 2016 Jul 8.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4993174/pdf/MBT2-9-568.pdf OECD/FAO 2023. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2023-2032, OECD Publishing, Paris.https://doi.org/10.1787/08801ab7-en. Post MJ. Cultured meat from stem cells: challenges and prospects. Meat Sci. 2012 Nov;92(3):297-301. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.04.008. Epub 2012 Apr 11. PMID: 22543115.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.04.008 Sandri, M., Dal Monego S, Conte G, Sgorlon S, Stefanon B. Raw meat-based diet influences fecal microbiome and end products of fermentation in healthy dogs. BMC Vet Res. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13 (1):65.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5331737/ van Huis, A. Prospects of insects as food and feed. Org. Agr. 11, 301–308 (2021).https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-020-00290-7 Yuan, Yi, Xinyao Wei, Yuhong Mao, Yuxue Zheng, Ni He, Yuan Guo, Ming Wu, Joseph Dumpler, Bing Li, Xu Chen, Xixi Cai, Jianping Wu, Yongqi Tian, Sihan Xie, Jeyamkondan Subbiah, Shaoyun Wang. Innovative Food Processing Technologies Promoting Efficient Utilization of Nutrients in Staple Food Crops, Engineering, Volume 50, 2025, Pages 229-244.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.04.014

08/07/2026

The Protein Matrix: Balancing Formulation, Operational Realities, and Consumer Demands

Today, as pets are increasingly humanized and elevated to the status of family members, the scrutiny placed on the ingredients in their bowls has never been higher. This is why, for this edition, I'm taking a different approach from my past articles and decided to write about the most scrutinized, expensive, and dynamic component of any pet food formula: protein.

The true value of a raw material is no longer dictated solely by its price per ton. Instead, it is defined by a complex matrix of nutritional efficacy, marketing appeal, and manufacturing viability. The universe of ingredients is expanding rapidly, introducing alternative proteins, functional extracts, and novel additives. However, to truly understand how these ingredients deliver value, we must examine how the menu of ingredients, including the different protein sources, complement each other in three dimensions: nutrition, consumer trends, and the realities of managing these materials on the factory floor.
Nutrition: How Proteins Complement Each Other
From a purely nutritional standpoint, a pet does not require specific ingredients; it requires specific nutrients. The goal of any formulator is to deliver a complete and balanced amino acid profile, alongside high digestibility and bioavailability, and palatability—because if the pet does not eat the product, all the effort has been done for nothing. Achieving this is rarely accomplished efficiently with a single protein source. Instead, formulation is all about complements.

Traditional animal protein sources, including chicken, beef, fish, and lamb meal, have long been the workhorses of the industry, offering high protein density and excellent palatability. However, they are often complemented with each other and with plant-based options, such as peas, soybeans, potatoes, or corn gluten meal.

Why blend them?  Because what one ingredient lacks, another provides. For instance, plant-based proteins can be highly digestible and lower the overall ash content of the formula, but they may be limited in essential amino acids (methionine or taurine precursors). By strategically pairing it with a marine protein source, such as salmon meal or a functional extract like yeast, a formulator can bridge the amino acid gap while maintaining a specific price point and functional target.

Furthermore, the rise of alternative proteins, including insects, single-cell proteins, and cultivated meats, is altering the formulation landscape. These ingredients are not just novelties; they can offer functional benefits, such as hypoallergenic properties or high levels of antimicrobial peptides. They 'play' within a formula, not just as bulk protein, but as functional additives that elevate the nutritional profile and the true value of the end product.
The Marketing Push: Premiumization and the Clean Label
While formulators focus on amino acids, digestibility, bioavailability, and palatability, the focus of marketing departments and consumers is the ingredient list and the product claims. In today's premium and super-premium segments, communication trends heavily influence product design, sometimes at odds with traditional formulation logic.

The push for 'clean label' products and limited ingredient diets is a prime example.  Higher-value segments are demanding shorter ingredient lists, driven by a consumer perception that fewer ingredients equate to a more natural, wholesome, and transparent product. This creates a significant challenge: how do you deliver a perfectly balanced amino acid profile when your marketing brief restricts you to a single protein source and a single carbohydrate source?

This restriction has driven the industry toward novel proteins. These new ingredients, such as rabbit, kangaroo, wild boar, herring, venison, and duck, are commanding premium prices—they serve a dual purpose. First, they are highly effective for pets with suspected food sensitivity or allergies to common proteins like poultry or beef. Second, they provide a powerful narrative for marketing and communication. Novel proteins instantly differentiate a brand on a crowded retail shelf, communicating exclusivity and premium quality.

However, the true value here also hinges on the traceability of origin. Consumers put value into knowing that the rabbit was sustainably sourced or if the salmon was wild. Traceability has evolved from a supply chain buzzword into a non-negotiable consumer demand and a core pillar of a brand's value proposition. The story behind the ingredient is now just as important as the ingredient itself.
The Factory Floor Reality: Navigating Production Pain Points
A recipe can look perfect on paper and test brilliantly in a consumer focus group, but it must be feasible to manage within an existing manufacturing process. Managing diverse and novel proteins in a high-volume factory introduces pain points that question the concept of "true value."

One of the most persistent challenges is managing the natural variability of raw materials, particularly animal by-product meals. Meat and bone meals, for instance, can vary significantly from batch to batch depending on the rendering process and the exact source materials. A classic factory pain point is color variation. If a specific batch of chicken meal contains a higher concentration of blood, the resulting kibble will be noticeably darker. While the product remains entirely safe and nutritionally sound, this visual inconsistency can inevitably lead to consumer complaints. Pet owners are conditioned to expect absolute uniformity, and a dark batch of kibble is often misinterpreted as burnt or spoiled. Managing this requires strict supplier specifications, advanced mixing techniques, and sometimes, the reluctant use of colorants to standardize the final appearance.

Beyond color, different proteins behave differently during extrusion. Plant proteins often require different specific mechanical energy and moisture inputs compared to animal proteins. High levels of fresh meat, while highly appealing on an ingredient label, introduce massive amounts of water into the formula, which must be managed to ensure the kibble expands properly and dries to a safe moisture level to prevent mold.
Conclusion: Redefining True Value
The universe of pet food ingredients is undoubtedly expanding, but 'true value' is not found simply by adding the newest, trendiest protein to a formula. True value is achieved at the intersection of three distinct disciplines.

It requires the formulator's skill to blend complementary amino acid profiles for optimal animal health. It demands the marketer's insight to select ingredients that resonate with consumer demands for transparency, limited ingredients, and sustainable origins. And crucially, it relies on the factory expertise to handle the physical realities, variabilities, and organoleptic challenges of processing raw materials at scale.

As the industry continues to innovate beyond price, the brands that succeed will be those that master this complex matrix, ensuring that every raw material earns its place in the bowl: nutritionally, commercially, and operationally. By Felipe Martinez R.
Source: All Peto Food Magazine

By Felipe Martínez R.

04/08/2026

Plant-Based Food for Dogs and Cats

Food production for human consumption that is high in nutritional value, low in water and energy consumption, highly sustainable, and has a reduced carbon footprint is guiding research in this field. The use of food through chemical, physical, and enzymatic processes, for example, aims to reduce waste. At the same time, the coexistence of dogs, cats, and humans has been a constant throughout human history to the point that these animals have become the world's primary interspecies companions, serving roles in protection, work, pest control, and, above all, deep emotional bonding within society.

Today, the global population of dogs and cats is estimated at between 2 and 2.5 billion animals, of which approximately 1 to 1.5 billion live in households and depend on human care. The fact that these animals are carnivores is a challenge, since they are potential competitors with humans for the planet's food resources. At present, this competition is not readily apparent because the industrial production of pet food relies primarily on ingredients that are not used for human consumption, ranging from agricultural residues to animal by-products, positioning pets at the final stage of the agricultural value chain while generating additional income for producers of these raw materials.

This raises an important question: if a paradigm shift were to occur—for example, a reduction in food production with a high carbon footprint and high-water consumption, such as animal-derived products, alongside a transition toward more sustainable production systems based on plant-based foods, algae, insects, and other alternatives—would it still be possible to sustain the current population of carnivores living alongside humans?

In the context of global sustainability, the social and environmental impact of pet food has become strategically important, particularly because pet food relies on animal-derived ingredients (Pedrinelli et al., 2021, 2022). Considering that food production for human consumption already places significant pressure on natural resources, companion animal nutrition adds another complexity to the scenario. Every year, the global food system accounts for 34% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and is also the primary driver of ocean eutrophication (approximately 78%) and freshwater eutrophication (approximately 95%). In 2013, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimated that the livestock sector accounted for 14.5% of global GHG emissions. More recent data indicate that the production of animal-derived foods, which forms the foundation of the pet food industry, is responsible for at least 20% of global anthropogenic emissions.

Within this context of growing concern over global sustainability, the carbon pawprint concept has emerged, adapting the idea of ecological footprint to measure the impact of resource consumption (land, water, and energy) associated with companion animals. Given the enormous global population of dogs and cats, the environmental impact of feeding them is substantial (Knight et al., 2022). Consequently, there is broad consensus that the impact of companion animal nutrition is significant and should be considered within climate change mitigation strategies.

This is not merely an ideological issue, nor is it an attempt to turn carnivores into herbivores. Rather, the question is whether it would be possible to maintain today's companion animal population in a healthy and sustainable manner if animal-derived food resources became less available. Answering this question requires evaluating multiple factors regarding carnivore metabolism and physiology, current and future food sources, the impact of today's carnivore population on sustainability goals, and other relevant considerations.

The Order Carnivora includes thousands of species with very different characteristics. For example, although taxonomy is primarily based on anatomy (anatomical carnivores), feeding behavior in the wild (preferential carnivores), metabolism, and other traits also define different family groups. Thus, although giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are anatomical carnivores, their feeding preferences and habits enable them to thrive on strictly plant-based diets. Dogs (Canis lupus), on the other hand, because of the enormous genetic variability resulting from human intervention and/or geographic isolation, may be classified as "preferential carnivores," "facultative carnivores," or even "opportunistic carnivores." This means they will always prefer meat, but in its absence, they can maintain their health by consuming plant foods naturally available in the environment, such as fruits, leaves, and roots. According to Axelsson et al. (2013), the 52 dog breeds evaluated in a genomic study showed considerable variation in their ability to digest starch. However, all of them possessed significantly more copies of genes associated with starch digestion (from 6 to 24 copies) than the 12 wolf populations included in the study. In contrast to wolves' carnivorous diet, the adaptation to a starch-rich diet represented a crucial step in the domestication of dogs.

Domestic cats (Felis catus), by contrast, retain strong metabolic similarities to their wild ancestors. Over millions of years, they developed metabolic adaptations that enabled them to maximize the utilization of prey composed primarily of protein and fat while suppressing the production of enzymes such as amylase, whose synthesis represented an unnecessary metabolic cost. These adaptations characterize cats as "obligate carnivores" or "metabolic carnivores," meaning that under natural conditions they depend on nutrients found exclusively in animal-derived foods, including arachidonic acid and taurine.

On the other hand, it is well established that pet diets can be formulated and produced using plant-derived ingredients, provided that the necessary nutritional adjustments are made to correct existing nutrient deficiencies and excesses. Understanding the nutrients that make up a plant-based diet is essential for evaluating its applicability in dog and cat nutrition. Although the nutritional requirements of these animals can be met using plant-derived ingredients, formulation requires a careful approach to ensure nutritional adequacy, bioavailability, and an appropriate balance among nutrients (Roberts et al., 2023).

Contemporary scientific literature demonstrates significant growth in both the market for and interest in plant-based dog foods, driven by vegan pet owners who wish to align their personal values with the diets they feed their animals. At the same time, sustainability has become a central pillar of this discussion. Strong evidence indicates that transitioning to nutritionally complete plant-based diets offers important environmental benefits, including substantial reductions in land use, water consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions compared with diets based on animal-derived ingredients.

Finally, plant-based diets for dogs and cats have remained a controversial topic regarding concerns about their nutritional adequacy for carnivorous animals. However, the growing body of scientific evidence suggests that properly formulated vegan diets can be nutritionally complete. In addition to the theoretical evaluation of nutrients and food composition, it is essential to evaluate the long-term health effects of these diets in dogs. By Flavia Maria de Oliveira Borges Saad and Susana Mantuani Reis Alves
Source: All Pet Food Magazine   References
KNIGHT, A. et al. Vegan versus meat-based dog food: Guardian-reported indicators of health. PLoS ONE, v. 17, n. 4 April, 1 abr. 2022. 
KNIGHT, A. The relative benefits for environmental sustainability of vegan diets for dogs, cats and people. PLoS ONE, v. 18, n. 10 October, 1 out. 2023. 
KNIGHT, A.; LEITSBERGER, M. Vegetarian versus meat-based diets for companion animals. Animals, 2016. 
KNIGHT, A.; SATCHELL, L. Vegan versus meat-based pet foods: Ownerreported palatability behaviours and implications for canine and feline welfare. PLoS ONE, v. 16, n. 6 June 2021, 2021. 
KNIGHT, A.; SATCHELL, L. Erratum: Vegan versus meat-based pet foods: Owner-reported palatability behaviours and implications for canine and feline welfare (PLoS ONE (2021) 16: 6 (e0253292) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253292). PLoS ONEPublic Library of Science, 2021.

09/06/2026

From Alga to Bowl: Astaxanthin Supports Pet Health 

Owing to the ongoing anthropomorphism of pets, owners are taking a closer look at what they're feeding their beloved companions. Just as they themselves are opting for healthier and cleaner-label nutrition—and starting to consider the associated environmental aspects—, owners want to ensure that the same standards apply to their pet's meals. This is manifesting as a shift towards providing fresh food or preferentially selecting more natural or organic pet food products.

Overall, the pet food sector is witnessing continuous growth. The market size in Europe is estimated to be worth $55 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach a value of more than $78 billion by 2029 (growing at a CAGR of approximately 7%).1 Next to classic feed compounds, such as grain or meat, novel functional ingredients are gaining traction in this developing market. Many of these components can be both integrated into feed grades as well as pet-friendly nutraceuticals. One example is carotenoids, which are not only known for their vibrant yellow, orange, or red colours, but also for their antioxidant attributes. One carotenoid with a particularly high antioxidant power—110 times more than vitamin E—is astaxanthin. 

In nature, the most abundant source of astaxanthin is a tiny microalga called Haematococcus pluvialis. Although astaxanthin has a long history as an ingredient in human supplements, its beneficial effects were first discovered in the marine world regarding the survival and reproduction rates of salmon. Research on astaxanthin in aquaculture was also the basis for the Swedish company, AstaReal's business. The organisation was the first to produce natural astaxanthin on an industrial level and, as the subject of more than 70 clinical studies on humans and animals, it owns today's most researched astaxanthin brand in the market.
Species-Specific Research
'We wanted to understand what this might mean for different kinds of animals, so we started using the ingredient in trials with cats and dogs,' says Peter Ahlm, Head of Marketing & Sales at AstaReal. Distinct research on targeted animals is indispensable when it comes to developing a safe and efficacious product; effects might vary between species, and it's imperative to optimise the amount of ingredients to be dispensed.

There is a growing body of evidence for various positive effects of natural astaxanthin on pets' health, many of which show a similar pattern to humans. For instance, astaxanthin can support canine mobility, endurance, and muscle recovery; the cardiovascular system; cognitive function; attentiveness and at the cellular level, the mitochondria.2–5 Moreover, natural astaxanthin supplementation in dogs and cats could enhance their innate defence systems and improve both their cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.6,7 Astaxanthin also has shown potential to improve impaired vision due to age-related conditions like cloudy lenses in dogs.8 

'The recorded health effects may seem quite diverse; however, they are all rooted in astaxanthin's unique molecular structure. Due to its linear, polar-nonpolar-polar molecular layout, natural astaxanthin can effectively penetrate and traverse the cell and mitochondria membranes and neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both the hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic exterior boundaries. In addition to providing better protection to the cells and their powerhouses against oxidative stress, natural astaxanthin also has anti-inflammatory effects that support multiple bodily organs and systems.' -  Behnaz Shakersain, Scientific Affairs Manager at AstaReal.
Scoring with Natural Astaxanthin Options
As neither humans nor animals can produce astaxanthin in their bodies, they can only benefit from its protective functions through nutritional intake. To obtain effective amounts, dogs are generally recommended to be fed 1 mg of astaxanthin per 10 kg body weight, which equates to about two wild King salmon fillets for a beagle or three for a golden retriever per day. Feed or treats rich in astaxanthin might offer an easier and more sustainable solution in many cases. 

Natural algae-derived versions of astaxanthin offer additional advantages, such as higher levels of antioxidant potency. Moreover, algae play an essential role in the planet's ecosystem, and being recognised as a renewable resource resonates strongly with responsible consumers. If algae are cultivated indoors, they can be better protected from environmental harm or contamination, and the yield of astaxanthin-rich algal biomass has a higher quality profile. 

Developing a formula with healthy ingredients is only the first step, according to Peter Ahlm: 'Pet food manufacturers also need to make sure that their product will remain stable and nutritious throughout its intended shelf-life. Bioactive substances are particularly prone to interact with other compounds in multi-ingredient formulations or can degrade during harsh production processes, such as extrusion or pelleting.' 

To minimize such risks and protect the power of astaxanthin, AstaReal uses encapsulation in its animal nutrition brand NOVASTA®. Its recently launched NOVASTA® EB15 can be mixed into pet food or added to supplements and consists of algal flour (32%) encapsulated in rapeseed oil with a final astaxanthin concentration of 1.5%. Due to encapsulation, it can be better incorporated into challenging formulations, such as pellets, meal mixes, and soft chews, which are more likely to be exposed to air at ambient temperature.

If manufacturers are sensitive to the shifting demands of pet parents and are willing to combine health with sustainability trends, they are well set. Algal astaxanthin can play an assisting role in these efforts. Thanks to its antioxidant and multifunctional effects, it naturally supports the well-being of our four-legged friends while stemming from a futureproof source.
Futureproof Feeding
One of today's major challenges is how to feed the planet sustainably. In search of plant-based sources for both human and animals, algae are gaining attention. Algae are relatively easy to cultivate, are nutritious, and being considered as more sustainable than several conventional crops. One precious and health-promoting ingredient that algae offer is astaxanthin. AstaReal derives the carotenoid from the micoralgae Haematococcus pluvialis that are being cultivated indoor in specially designed photobioreactors. The company applies a unique system to reuse the excess heat produced during the algae cultivation process to heat up 2500 apartments in the nearby residential area, aiming to continuously reduce their carbon footprint.   By AstaReal
Source: All Pet Food Magazine
References
1.    Mordor Intelligence. 'Europe Pet Food Market SIZE & SHARE ANALYSIS - GROWTH TRENDS & FORECASTS UP TO 2029.' https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/pet-food-market-in-europe-industry. Accessed Feb. 23, 2024.
2.    B.M. Zanghi, et al., 'Effects of Postexercise Feeding of a Supplemental Carbohydrate and Protein Bar with or without Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis to Exercise-Conditioned Dogs,' Am. J. Vet. Res. 76(4), 338–350 (2015).
3.    T. Murai, et al., 'Effects of Astaxanthin Supplementation in Healthy and Obese Dogs,' Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports 10, 29–35 (2019).
4.    National Center for Biotechnology Information. 'PubChem Patent Summary for US-9820497-B2, Astaxanthin-containing pet foods.' https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/patent/US-9820497-B2. Accessed Feb. 23, 2024.
5.    J.S. Park, et al., 'Astaxanthin Modulates Age-Associated Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Healthy Dogs,' Journal of Animal Science 91(1), 268–275 (2013).
6.    B.P. Chew, et al., 'Dietary Astaxanthin Enhances Immune Response in Dogs,' Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 140(3–4), 199–206 (2011).
7.    J.S. Park, et al., 'Astaxanthin Stimulates Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immune Responses in Cats,' Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 144, 455–461 (2011).
8.    W. Wang, et al., 'Antioxidant Supplementation Increases Retinal Responses and Decreases Refractive Error Changes in Dogs,' Journal of Nutritional Science 5, E18 (2016).

23/02/2026

Study Indicates Good Acceptance of Insect-Based Wet Food by Dogs

Ingredients derived from insects are being explored as alternative sources of protein in pet nutrition. 
  In addition to their functional potential, these raw materials have attracted industry interest due to their versatility in both wet and dry formulations.
  A recent study evaluated the acceptance of wet dog food containing insect-based ingredients marketed under the PureeX and ProteinX brands, developed by Protix. 
  The results indicated that both the all-insect-based diet and the hybrid formulation—combining insects and chicken—were readily consumed by the participating animals.   How the study was conducted
The trial included 170 small and medium-sized dogs, all living in homes. According to the technical summary, these categories were selected because they are often considered more selective with regard to food.
  Two diets were evaluated. The first consisted exclusively of ingredients derived from the black soldier fly larva (Hermetia illucens), combining PureeX — described as a minimally processed ingredient — and ProteinX, an insect meal. 
  The second was a hybrid formulation that combined the same insect ingredients with fresh chicken.
  Each caregiver offered one of the diets for two consecutive days and then switched to the other formula for another two days. 
  During the testing period, participants were not informed about the composition of the products.
  At the end of each stage, those in charge evaluated the dogs' consumption. According to the report, both formulations were considered highly acceptable, with no statistically significant difference in intake between the 100% insect diet and the hybrid diet.   Behavioral assessment and sensory perception
In addition to the volume consumed, the study analyzed the dogs' behavior before, during, and after meals. 
  Among the responses associated with positive acceptance were wagging the tail before the food was offered, consuming the entire portion, and licking the lips after the meal. These behaviors were recorded in both diets.
  Those responsible also evaluated sensory attributes such as texture, aroma, and appearance. Both formulations received an average score of seven, on a scale of zero to ten, for these criteria.
  When asked for a recommendation, 82% said they would recommend a diet entirely based on insects, while 81% said they would recommend a hybrid formulation with chicken.
  According to the manufacturer, PureeX is indicated for use in moist foods and can also be included in dry extruded formulations, being available in fresh and frozen versions. ProteinX, on the other hand, is marketed as a protein ingredient in flour form.   Alternative protein on the rise
Insect proteins have been studied as alternatives to traditional sources, with the potential to contribute to formulations seeking ingredient diversification. 
  In addition to nutritional profile, manufacturers highlight functional and sustainability aspects as differentiating factors of this type of raw material.   FAQ about wet food with insect protein
Do dogs readily accept food containing insect protein?
According to the study, both the 100% insect formulation and the hybrid with chicken were readily consumed.
Was there a difference in consumption between the diets tested?
No. The report indicates that no significant difference in intake was observed.
  Can insect protein replace traditional proteins?
It is being studied as an alternative source, but the choice of diet should always be made in consultation with a veterinarian. Source: Cães & Gatos

13/02/2026

Tebrio boosts B Corp certification score to 96 points, up 11 from 2022

Salamanca, February 4, 2026- Tebrio, pioneering Spanish biotechnology company specializing in the comprehensive utilization of the Tenebrio molitor insect to produce sustainable natural ingredients, has achieved its B Corp recertification after successfully completing the rigorous social, environmental, and governance impact assessment conducted by the international organization B Lab.

With this recognition, Tebrio solidifies its position within a global community of 10,000 companies that meet high standards of social and environmental impact and share a common purpose: harnessing the power of business to drive positive change in the world. It has done so by exceeding its initial 2022 certification score by 11 points, reaching 96.1 points, more than 15 points above the 80 required for certification.

During this process, B Lab particularly recognized the company's responsible governance, commitment to the circular economy, ethical resource management, and contribution to social and economic development in rural areas. Since its first certification in 2022, Tebrio has continued to advance in integrating people-focused well-being policies, environmental efficiency, and transparency across its entire value chain.

Adriana Casillas, CEO and co-founder of Tebrio, emphasizes: "This recertification is much more than a certification: it is confirmation that we are building an industrial model committed to transparency, equity, and resilience. Being a B Corp means growing responsibly, grounding every advancement in a shared purpose: generating positive and lasting impact."   A Purpose-Driven Business Model   Since its founding, Tebrio has placed sustainability and responsible innovation at the core of its corporate strategy. Its production model is based on circular economy principles, transforming agricultural by-products into ingredients for applications in animal nutrition, regenerative agriculture, cosmetics, and green biotechnology.

This philosophy translates into a genuine commitment to rural areas and the transition to a fairer economy. The company promotes local talent development, fosters diversity within its workforce, and maintains business practices aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).   A recognition that drives continuous improvement   Renewing B Corp certification is not an endpoint, but a commitment to ongoing transformation. Tebrio will continue advancing its sustainability strategy through progressive carbon footprint reduction, exclusive use of renewable energy, promotion of skilled rural employment, equal opportunities, team well-being, and transparency via externally verified impact reports.

This long-term vision reaffirms Tebrio's ambition to be a global benchmark in sustainable bioeconomy, where innovation and purpose integrate into every decision. The Salamanca-based company is currently immersed in building :oFarm, its innovative 100,000 m² industrial plant dedicated to the full production of protein and organic fertilizers from the Tenebrio molitor insect. Source: Tebrio
About B Corp Companies B Corp companies form part of a global community of 10,000 businesses that meet high standards of social impact, environmental performance, transparency, and governance, as verified by B Lab.

In Spain, 300 companies use the B Impact Assessment and collectively generate €12.34 billion in aggregated revenue, including food sector leaders like Danone and Hijos de Rivera, fashion brands such as ECOALF, Camper, and Patagonia, and banking institutions like Triodos Bank and imagin.

All share a common vision: redefining business success by measuring progress through their contribution to the well-being of people and the planet. Tebrio's B Corp certification also underscores its commitment to JEDI principles (Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion), fully integrated into its management model and organizational culture.


About Tebrio and o:Farm Tebrio is a biotechnology company headquartered in Salamanca, a global pioneer in the industrial breeding of Tenebrio molitor and the development of sustainable natural ingredients. Founded in 2014, its business model is grounded in the circular economy and innovation applied to sectors such as agriculture, food, and green biotechnology. Tebrio is currently advancing the construction of :oFarm, its industrial plant that will operate on 100% renewable energy from its own solar panels, reinforcing its commitment to sustainable biotechnological production. Press Contact José Ángel Sanz – Head of Communications joseangel.sanz@tebrio.com Phone: +34 601 900 144 contact@tebrio.com Phone: +34 923 048 049 http://www.tebrio.com

02/08/2024

Category 3 Animal Fat - an important Pet Food Ingredient

Animal by-products (ABPs) Animal by-products (ABPs) are materials of animal origin that people do not consume. When they do not enter the human food chain, in Europe, animal by-products are classified into three categories: Category 1, Category 2 and Category 3 depending on the source of the raw material and the intended use[i]. The pet food industry can only use Category 3 ABPs.   Category 3 ABPs are from animals declared fit for human consumption. These are ideal pet food ingredients due to their high nutritional and energetic value and should be used in the best possible way to preserve resources. Category 1 and 2 animal fats are forbidden for animal feeding for safety reasons but allowed for biofuel production.   The Vital role of Category 3 animal fats in Pet Food Category 3 animal fats are essential raw materials for our pets' diets. They provide a source of energy and palatability but above all essential fatty acids. They are subject to strict requirements on sourcing and collecting, animal origin materials processing, and control. Category 3 animal fats cannot be easily replaced as a pet food ingredient.   The EU & The Pet Food Industry's Waste Hierarchy FEDIAF firmly believes that food, such as Category 3 animal fats, which is not intended for human consumption, should be repurposed according to the food waste hierarchy, i.e.:  pet food (re-use animal feed) rather than energy (recovery) as indicated below[ii].  This sits well above energy use in the EU's own hierarchy of most-preferable options for food waste disposal.     The Pet Food Industry and the Future Unfortunately, there is increasing pressure due to Category 3 animal fats being used in other sectors such as biofuels, which are much lower in terms of waste hierarchy.  The Pet Food Industry will continue to communicate the importance of Category 3 animal fats in pet food. They are vital ingredients, which contribute to our circular business model and they cannot easily be replaced.   Source: FEDIAF

14/12/2023

Innovative FEED Act introduced in US House of Representatives

The Innovative Feed Enhancement and Economic Development (Innovative FEED) Act was introduced into the U.S. House of Representatives on December 7, a step toward establishing a regulatory pathway for a new category of animal feed additives. The bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate in June. The Innovative FEED Act would amend the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act to allow for a new category of animal food substances that act solely within animals' gut microbiomes or in the feed they are digesting to provide a wide range of benefits, giving the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the power it needs to ensure regulations keep pace with scientific innovation in feed, the American Feed Industry Association (AFIA) said in a press release. 'The AFIA is excited that the Senate has already introduced the Innovative FEED Act and now, with the House introduction, the bill has the bipartisan and bicameral support we hoped for,' AFIA President and CEO Constance Cullman said. 'Now, we urge Congress to act quickly on the bill. The legislation will be the spark needed to drive nutritional innovation that improves animal health and production while addressing public health challenges. We need this modernized regulatory oversight instead of the current policy of overregulation. Any delay in enacting this legislation continues to put U.S. agriculture at a disadvantage compared to our global counterparts whose regulatory systems have evolved with the times.' The FDA's Center of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) regulates animal foods with drug claims, including environmental benefit or production claims and claims about the effects on the animal's microbiome. Many in the animal feed industry agree CVM's regulations are overly burdensome and that some rules are inconsistent and arbitrary, and that they put U.S. companies at a competitive disadvantage. They also say the regulations put U.S. dairy and beef producers at a disadvantage because they don't have broad access to these methane-reducing feed additives. Dozens of countries have already safely approved and started using these feed ingredients on farms, resulting in improved animal production, well-being, reduced pre-harvest food safety concerns, and a smaller environmental footprint, AFIA said. 'Competent authorities of our global competitors in Europe, Asia and South America already have updated their policies to allow feed products on the market that demonstrate increased efficiency in meat production as well as byproduct and waste reduction,' said David Fairfield, senior vice president of feed at the National Grain and Feed Association, in a statement. 'To compete in the global market, farmers and ranchers in the United States need access to innovative zootechnical animal food substances to improve animal production and well-being, diminish pre-harvest food safety concerns, and boost sustainability opportunities.' The AFIA has urged the FDA to modernize its outdated 1998 Policy and Procedures Manual Guide 1240.3605, which has hindered animal food manufacturers from clearly indicating non-nutritive benefits on labels without navigating the FDA's arduous drug approval process. There is a wide range of feed additives that have been shown to reduce enteric methane emissions by between 2% and 12% per year. These include seaweed, fatty acids, 3-Nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), oregano, tannins, nitrate, biochar, cinnamon, garlic and saponins. 'These ingredients have novel benefits that make a positive impact on our food production system, such as improving feed efficiency and reducing human foodborne illness," Fairfield said. "This legislation would provide food manufacturers with a pathway to make truthful, non-misleading production, environmental and well-being claims for animal foods that have been substantiated to provide such benefits more efficiently.' The Innovative FEED Act will bring about the necessary changes to ensure these additives are reviewed for safety and effectiveness as food additives, not drugs, and can more quickly come to market for U.S. farmers and ranchers to choose to use, AFIA said.  By AFIA Source . All Pet Food